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With the increased popularity of electronic textbooks, there is a growing interest in developing a new generation of “intelligent textbooks,” which have the ability to guide readers according to their learning goals and current knowledge. Intelligent textbooks extend regular textbooks by integrating machine-manipulable knowledge, and the most popular type of integrated knowledge is a list of relevant concepts mentioned in the textbooks. With these concepts, multiple intelligent operations, such as content linking, content recommendation, or student modeling, can be performed. However, existing automatic keyphrase extraction methods, even supervised ones, cannot deliver sufficient accuracy to be practically useful in this task. Manual annotation by experts has been demonstrated to be a preferred approach for producing high-quality labeled data for training supervised models. However, most researchers in the education domain still consider the concept annotation process as an ad-hoc activity rather than a carefully executed task, which can result in low-quality annotated data. Using the annotation of concepts for the Introduction to Information Retrieval textbook as a case study, this paper presents a knowledge engineering method to obtain reliable concept annotations. As demonstrated by the data we collected, the inter-annotator agreement gradually increased along with our procedure, and the concept annotations we produced led to better results in document linking and student modeling tasks. The contributions of our work include a validated knowledge engineering procedure, a codebook for technical concept annotation, and a set of concept annotations for the target textbook, which could be used as a gold standard in further intelligent textbook research.
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This content will become publicly available on January 1, 2026
Intelligent Textbooks: The Sixth International Workshop
From the early days of digital textbooks to the rapidly progressing age of Large Language Models, researchers from different areas explored multiple research directors on the crossroads of Textbooks, a traditional learning medium and Artificial Intelligence, a technology that could empower it. These research directions formed a new research area, often referred to as Intelligent Textbooks. The International Workshop on Intelligent Textbooks at AIED 2025, the sixth workshop in the series, aims to bring together researchers working on different aspects of Intelligent Textbooks to exchange complementary insights, review new results, and discuss emerging ideas.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2213789
- PAR ID:
- 10617770
- Publisher / Repository:
- Proceedings of 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Posters and Late Breaking Results, Workshops and Tutorials, Industry and Innovation Tracks, Practitioners, Doctoral Consortium, Blue Sky, and WideAIEDSpringer Nature Switzerland
- Date Published:
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 275 to 277
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- intelligent textbooks smart content
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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