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1. Inspiring Blind and Low Vision High School Students and their Teachers to Access STEM in College

   Figuiera, I; Cisneros, JM; Lindo, J; Luong, V; Branham, SM (July 2025, RESPECT Annual Conference, ACM Digital Library)

   To broaden the participation of disabled students in STEM, we conducted an outreach program to inspire blind and low vision (BLV) students to pursue these disciplines in college, educate them and their Teachers of the Visually Impaired (TVIs) about accessibility in higher education, and begin to forge partnerships with local high schools. This experience report describes planning an accessible 80-person, half-day event. Pre- and post-survey evaluations showed that learning about accommodations and self-advocacy from BLV college students’ first-hand experiences was important for creating an inspirational STEM event. We also highlight how bringing together teachers from across the county and funding entities from across campus enabled us to bring greater visibility and sustainability to our initiative. 

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2. An Analysis of Pre and Post-COVID-19 Lockdown Spatial Ability Performance in Blind and Low-Vision Individuals

   Searle, D.; Kane, D.; Shaheen, N. L.; and Goodridge, W. H. (June 2023, 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition)

   Historically, spatial ability assessments have been used to measure spatial thinking on specific constructs in students participating in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. High spatial ability is linked to greater performance in STEM courses and professional STEM career fields. A spatial ability test used commonly for this measurement is the Mental Cutting Test (MCT) developed in 1939 by the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB). Unfortunately, the MCT is unable to measure the spatial thinking of blind or low-vision (BLV) populations due to the test being only accessible by sight. In 2018, a research lab from Utah State University (USU) adapted the MCT into a fully accessible tactile version, called the Tactile Mental Cutting Test (TMCT). The test was later split into two parallel forms, each containing 12 different questions from the MCT. The TMCT allows for researchers to better measure and understand the spatial abilities of BLV populations. The majority of BLV population samples that have taken the TMCT previously have been participants in training centers for the blind, which serve as training centers for helping BLV populations to build blindness skills and encourage independence. Additional data has been collected from youth camps sponsored by the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) and national and state NFB conventions. During the pandemic of COVID-19, many training centers across the country were closed for safety reasons, and many of the BLV population were confined to their homes to avoid infection risk. In this paper we compare pre-COVID-19 and post-2021 TMCT assessment data from BLV participants including scores and test duration between 2019 and 2022. Results show a statistically significant difference in how long it took participants to complete the TMCT between the two timeframes. 

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3. Predicting Student Participation in STEM Careers: The Role of Affect and Engagement during Middle School

   https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4008054  

   Almeda, M. V.; Baker, R. S. (August 2020, Journal of educational data mining)

   Given the increasing need for skilled workers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), there is a burgeoning interest to encourage young students to pursue a career in STEM fields. Middle school is an opportune time to guide students' interests towards STEM disciplines, as they begin to think about and plan for their career aspirations. Previous studies have shown that detectors of students' learning, affect, and engagement, measured from their interactions within an online tutoring system during middle school, are strongly predictive of their eventual choice to attend college and enroll in a STEM major (San Pedro et al., 2013; 2014). In this study, we extend prior work by examining how the constructs measured by these detectors relate to the decision to participate in a STEM career after college. Findings from this study suggest that subtle forms of disengagement (i.e., gaming the system, carelessness) are predictive and can potentially provide actionable information for teachers and counselors to apply early intervention in STEM learning. In general, this study sheds light on the relevant student factors that influence STEM participation years later, providing a more comprehensive understanding of student STEM trajectories. 

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4. First Two Network: Improving STEM persistence in the first two years of college.

   https://doi.org/10.55632/pwvas.v89i1.278  

   Heatherly, Sue Ann; Harvey, Erica; Howley, Caitlin (April 2017, Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science)

   Many college students in West Virginia hail from rural communities and are the first in their families to pursue an undergraduate degree. Research indicates that first-generation college students can face particular barriers to their postsecondary persistence, as can rural students. However, data on the persistence of first-generation college students who are also from rural places is scant. To better understand—and help remove—the barriers confronting such young people interested in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), the FIRST TWO Project (https://first2network.org/) brings together community college and university faculty, administrators, national laboratory professionals, and rural education experts. The FIRST TWO pilot program integrates early STEM experiences via internships, a support network for rural first-generation STEM students, and STEM skills development through a discovery-based "principles of research and development" college seminar for first-year students. A "Hometown Ambassadors" program component prepares students to return to their home communities to engage younger students’ interest in STEM, and teachers’ and school board members’ support for STEM education. Our goal is for project courses and support mechanisms to be fully transferrable to other institutions of higher education in the state so that, ultimately, more rural first-generation students participate in the wider STEM enterprise.   Funding for the project is provided by the National Science Foundation INCLUDES (Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learners of Underrepresented Discoverers in Engineering and Science) initiative. 

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5. Spatial Strategies Employed by Blind and Low-Vision (BLV) Individuals on the Tactile Mental Cutting Test (TMCT)

   https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v13i5.38021  

   Green, Theresa; Goodridge, Wade H.; Kane, Daniel; Shaheen, Natalie L. (July 2023, International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP))

   Spatial ability is a well-known predictor of success in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The purpose of this study was to investigate and understand the spatial strategies that were used by blind and low-vision (BLV) individuals as they solved problems on the tactile mental cutting test (TMCT), an instrument that was designed to measure the spatial ability of BLV audiences. The TMCT is an accessible adaptation of the older, 1938 version of the mental cutting test (MCT) that has been used extensively in spatial ability research. Additionally, this paper seeks to compare these strategies with existing strategies that have been investigated with sighted populations. The BLV community is underrepresented in engineering and in spatial ability research. By understanding how BLV students understand and solve spatial problems and concepts, educators can develop and enhance educational content that is relevant to this population. By incorporating perspectives from the BLV community and making STEM curricula accessible to this population, more BLV individuals may be encouraged to pursue STEM or engineering career pathways. 

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