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Summary Herbaceous plant species have been the focus of extensive, long‐term research into climate change responses, but there has been little effort to synthesize results and predicted outlooks. This primer summarizes research on climate change responses for eight intensively studied herbaceous plant species. We establish generalities across species, examine limitations, and propose a path forward. Climate change has reduced fitness, caused maladaptation, and/or led to population declines in at least part of the range of all six forb species. Plasticity alone is likely not sufficient to allow adjustment to shifting climates. Most model species also have spatially restricted dispersal that may limit genetic and evolutionary rescue. These results are surprising, given that these species are generally widespread, span large elevation ranges, and have substantial genetic and phenotypic variation. The focal species have diverse life histories, reproductive strategies, and habitats, and most are native to North America. Thus, species that are rare, habitat specialists, or endemic to other parts of the world are poorly represented in this review. We encourage researchers to design demographic and field experiments that evaluate plant traits and fitness in contemporary and potential future conditions across the full life cycle, and that consider biotic interactions in climate change responses.
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Incandescent metasurfaces: A tutorial
Incandescence has long been the most popular source of light, despite a number of limitations in terms of efficiency, polarization, and coherence. In the last twenty years, it has been shown that most of these limitations can be overcome by taking advantage of the advances in nanophotonics. In this paper, we provide a tutorial presentation of the field with emphasis on the fundamental principles used to control the properties of thermal radiation in the far field. We introduce several figures of merit and list some directions for future work.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2314210
- PAR ID:
- 10629427
- Publisher / Repository:
- AIP
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- APL Photonics
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 11
- ISSN:
- 2378-0967
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Herbaceous plant species have been the focus of extensive, long-term research into climate change responses, but there has been little effort to synthesize results and predicted outlooks from different model species. We summarize research on climate change responses for eight intensively-studied herbaceous plant species. We establish generalities across species, examine limitations, interrogate biases, and propose a path forward. All six forb species exhibit reduced fitness, maladaptation, and/or population declines in at least part of the range. Plasticity alone is likely not sufficient to allow adjustment to shifting climates. Most model species also have spatially-restricted dispersal that may limit genetic and evolutionary rescue. These results are surprising, given that these species are widespread, span large elevation ranges, and generally have substantial levels of genetic and phenotypic variation. The focal species have diverse life histories, reproductive strategies, and habitats, but most are native to North America. Thus, these species may poorly represent rare species, habitat specialists, or species endemic to other parts of the world. We encourage researchers to design demographic and field experiments that evaluate plant traits and fitness in contemporary and potential future conditions across the full life cycle, and that consider the effects of climate change on biotic interactions.more » « less
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