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Abstract BackgroundLegumes utilize a long-distance signaling feedback pathway, termed Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON), to regulate the establishment and maintenance of their symbiosis with rhizobia. Several proteins key to this pathway have been discovered, but the AON pathway is not completely understood. ResultsWe report a new hypernodulating mutant,defective in autoregulation, with disruption of a gene,DAR(Medtr2g450550/MtrunA17_Chr2g0304631), previously unknown to play a role in AON. Thedar-1mutant produces ten-fold more nodules than wild type, similar to AON mutants with disruptedSUNNgene function. As insunnmutants, suppression of nodulation by CLE peptides MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 is abolished indar. Furthermore,dar-1also shows increased root length colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, suggesting a role for DAR in autoregulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (AOM). However, unlikeSUNNwhich functions in the shoot to control nodulation,DARfunctions in the root. ConclusionsDARencodes a membrane protein that is a member of a small protein family inM. truncatula. Our results suggest that DAR could be involved in the subcellular transport of signals involved in symbiosis regulation, but it is not upregulated during symbiosis.DARgene family members are also present in Arabidopsis, lycophytes, mosses, and microalgae, suggesting the AON and AOM may use pathway components common to other plants, even those that do not undergo either symbiosis.
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This content will become publicly available on December 11, 2025
TML1 and TML2 synergistically regulate nodulation and affect arbuscular mycorrhiza in Medicago truncatula
Two symbiotic processes, nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza, are primarily controlled by the plant’s need for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), respectively. Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) and autoregulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (AOM) both negatively regulate their respective processes and share multiple components—plants that make too many nodules usually have higher arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungal root colonization. The protein TML (TOO MUCH LOVE) was shown to function in roots to maintain susceptibly to rhizobial infection under low N conditions and control nodule number through AON inLotus japonicus.Medicago truncatulahas two sequence homologs:MtTML1 andMtTML2. We report the generation of stable single and double mutants harboring multiple allelic variations inMtTML1andMtTML2using CRISPR–Cas9 targeted mutagenesis and screening of a transposon mutagenesis library. Plants containing single mutations inMtTML1 orMtTML2 produced two to three times the nodules of wild-type plants, whereas plants containing mutations in both genes displayed a synergistic effect, forming 20× more nodules compared to wild-type plants. Examination of expression and heterozygote effects suggests that genetic compensation may play a role in the observed synergy. Plants with mutations in bothTMLs only showed mild increases in AM fungal root colonization at later timepoints in our experiments, suggesting that these genes may also play a minor role in AM symbiosis regulation. The mutants created will be useful tools to dissect the mechanism of synergistic action ofMtTML1 andMtTML2 inM. truncatulasymbiosis with beneficial microbes.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1733470
- PAR ID:
- 10636675
- Publisher / Repository:
- Frontiers Media SA
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Frontiers in Plant Science
- Volume:
- 15
- ISSN:
- 1664-462X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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