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Abstract Small waterbodies have potentially high greenhouse gas emissions relative to their small footprint on the landscape, although there is high uncertainty in model estimates. Scaling their carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) exchange with the atmosphere remains challenging due to an incomplete understanding and characterization of spatial and temporal variability in CO2and CH4. Here, we measured partial pressures of CO2(pCO2) and CH4(pCH4) across 30 ponds and shallow lakes during summer in temperate regions of Europe and North America. We sampled each waterbody in three locations at three times during the growing season, and tested which physical, chemical, and biological characteristics related to the means and variability ofpCO2andpCH4in space and time. Summer means ofpCO2andpCH4were inversely related to waterbody size and positively related to floating vegetative cover;pCO2was also positively related to dissolved phosphorus. Temporal variability in partial pressure in both gases weas greater than spatial variability. Although sampling on a single date was likely to misestimate mean seasonalpCO2by up to 26%, mean seasonalpCH4could be misestimated by up to 64.5%. Shallower systems displayed the most temporal variability inpCH4and waterbodies with more vegetation cover had lower temporal variability. Inland waters remain one of the most uncertain components of the global carbon budget; understanding spatial and temporal variability will ultimately help us to constrain our estimates and inform research priorities.
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This content will become publicly available on June 12, 2026
Advancements in DNA-PAINT: applications and challenges in biological imaging and nanoscale metrology
DNA-PAINT applications are guiding new advancements in a virtuous cycle that benefits bioimaging and nanometrology.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2227626
- PAR ID:
- 10639401
- Publisher / Repository:
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Nanoscale
- Volume:
- 17
- Issue:
- 23
- ISSN:
- 2040-3364
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 14016 to 14034
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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