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Abstract Sexual and gender minorities face considerable inequities in society, including in science. In biology, course content provides opportunities to challenge harmful preconceptions about what is “natural” while avoiding the notion that anything found in nature is inherently good (the appeal-to-nature fallacy). We provide six principles for instructors to teach sex- and gender-related topics in postsecondary biology in a more inclusive and accurate manner: highlighting biological diversity early, presenting the social and historical context of science, using inclusive language, teaching the iterative process of science, presenting students with a diversity of role models, and developing a classroom culture of respect and inclusion. To illustrate these six principles, we review the many definitions of sex and demonstrate applying the principles to three example topics: sexual reproduction, sex determination or differentiation, and sexual selection. These principles provide a tangible starting place to create more scientifically accurate, engaging, and inclusive classrooms.
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This content will become publicly available on August 18, 2026
Beyond the microscope: integrating inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility principles in immunology education through the IDE-A rubric
Textbooks are essential resources for developing immunological literacy. This article emphasizes expanding educational focus beyond traditional technical content to more broadly encompass inclusion and equity in the classroom. Equitable and inclusive teaching requires thoughtful selection of course materials by applying principles of inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility (IDE-A), yet clear guidance using these principles for course design, especially in textbook selection, is limited. To address this gap, the authors developed and tested the IDE-A rubric and assessed a sample of immunology textbooks, widely used at both undergraduate and graduate levels, to evaluate the rubric’s utility. Each textbook was rated on the overall commitment to the principles of the IDE-A framework, assessing the extent to which the textbook authors and publishers make a concerted effort to address these principles in the introduction, preface, and/or overall framing of the content. Inclusion and diversity were evaluated by examining evidence of stereotype threat, including the use of names in case studies and questions, the selection of textbook imagery, and how diverse representations, perspectives, and voices were acknowledged and incorporated into descriptions of concepts and historical context. Equity and accessibility were assessed by evaluating availability of textbooks and ancillary materials at no cost or reduced price, availability of multiple textbook formats, and publisher’s provision of accessible versions. Furthermore, the rubric could help instructors maintain diversity within STEM fields. This study is one of the first structured evaluations thatapplyIDE-A principles in textbook selection, demonstrating how looking “beyond the microscope” creates more inclusive learning environments.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2316260
- PAR ID:
- 10639580
- Editor(s):
- Hughes, Lee
- Publisher / Repository:
- Frontiers
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Frontiers in Education
- Volume:
- 10
- ISSN:
- 2504-284X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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