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Abstract Chemically coated micro/nanoparticles are often used in medicine to enhance drug delivery and increase drug up-take into specific areas of the body. Using a recently discovered spontaneous symmetry breaking propulsion mechanism, we demonstrate that chemically coated microparticles can swim through mucus solution under precise navigation and that certain functionalizations can dynamically change propulsion behavior. For this investigation biotin, Bitotin-PEG3-amine, and biotin chitosan were chemically functionalized onto the surfaces of magnetic microparticles using an avidin–biotin complex. These chemicals were chosen because they are used prolifically in drug delivery applications, with PEG and chitosan having well known mucoadhesive effects. Coated microparticles were then suspended in mucus synthesized from porcine stomach mucins and propelled using rotating magnetic fields. The relationship between different chemical coatings, microparticle velocity, and controllability were thoroughly explored and discussed. Results indicate that the biotinylated surface coatings altered the propulsion behavior of microparticles, with performance differences interlinked to both magnetic field properties and localized mucus properties. Precisely controlled drug carrying microparticles are envisioned to help supplant traditional drug delivery methods and enhance existing medical techniques utilizing micro/nanoparticles.
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Impact of Surface Chemistry and Particle Size on Inertial Cavitation Driven Transport of Silica Nanoparticles and Microparticles
Abstract This study investigated the high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)‐mediated propulsion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and microspheres (MSMs). Nanoparticles are heavily sought as vehicles for drug delivery, but their transport through tissue is often restricted. Here, MSNs and MSMs are hydrophobically modified and coated with phospholipids to facilitate inertial cavitation to promote propulsion under HIFU. Modified nanoparticles show significantly enhanced cavitation and propulsion, achieving a maximum displacement of 250 µm (≈2500 body length) and speed of ≈1600 µm s−1(16 000 body length s−1), compared to unmodified nanoparticles (2 µm, 20 body length, 60 µm s−1, 600 body length). In contrast, microparticles demonstrate comparable cavitation responses. Modified microparticles reached a maximum speed of 4000 µm s−1(800 body length s−1) and displacement of 230 µm (46 body length), and unmodified microparticles achieved 2000 µm s−1(400 body length s−1) and 75 µm (15 body length). In all HIFU‐responsive samples, displacement and speed decreased with successive pulses, implying that particles fatigue with continued pulsing. Analyses of particle trajectories and rotational diffusion times suggest that cavitation occurs uniformly on particle surfaces rather than at specific sites. These principles are important for the design of future drug‐delivery vehicles capable of ultrasound‐triggered motion.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2025547
- PAR ID:
- 10641199
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Volume:
- 35
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 1616-301X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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