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   https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-28-43-2020  

   Wheat, C. Geoffrey; Kitts, Christopher; Webb, Camden; Stolzman, Rachel; McGuire, Ann; Fournier, Trevor; Pettigrew, Thomas; Jannasch, Hans (January 2020, Scientific Drilling)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract. Deep (>1 km depth) scientific boreholes are unique assetsthat can be used to address a variety of microbiological, hydrologic, andbiogeochemical hypotheses. Few of these deep boreholes exist in oceaniccrust. One of them, Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B, reaches∼190 ∘C at its base. We designed, fabricated, andlaboratory-tested the Multi-Temperature Fluid Sampler (MTFS), a non-gas-tight, titanium syringe-style fluid sampler for borehole applicationsthat is tolerant of such high temperatures. Each of the 12 MTFS unitscollects a single 1 L sample at a predetermined temperature, which isdefined by the trigger design and a shape memory alloy (SMA). SMAs have theinnate ability to be deformed and only return to their initial shapes whentheir activation temperatures are reached, thereby triggering a sampler at apredetermined temperature. Three SMA-based trigger mechanisms, which do notrely on electronics, were tested. Triggers were released at temperaturesspanning from 80 to 181 ∘C. The MTFS was set fordeployment on International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 385T, buthole conditions precluded its use. The sampler is ready for use in deepoceanic or continental scientific boreholes with minimal training foroperational success. 

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   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2020.126700  

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   null (Ed.)
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4. Fluid Mechanics of the Dead Sea

   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-031424-101119  

   Meiburg, Eckart; Lensky, Nadav G (January 2025, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics)

   The environmental setting of the Dead Sea combines several aspects whose interplay creates flow phenomena and transport processes that cannot be observed anywhere else on Earth. As a terminal lake with a rapidly declining surface level, the Dead Sea has a salinity that is close to saturation, so that the buoyancy-driven flows common in lakes are coupled to precipitation and dissolution, and large amounts of salt are being deposited year-round. The Dead Sea is the only hypersaline lake deep enough to form a thermohaline stratification during the summer, which gives rise to descending supersaturated dissolved-salt fingers that precipitate halite particles. In contrast, during the winter the entire supersaturated, well-mixed water column produces halite. The rapid lake level decline ofO(1 m/year) exposes vast areas of newly formed beach every year, which exhibit deep incisions from streams. Taken together, these phenomena provide insight into the enigmatic salt giants observed in the Earth's geological record and offer lessons regarding the stability, erosion, and protection of arid coastlines under sea level change. 

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