Abstract Economic circumstances and vote choice have long been shown to be closely linked, but increasing partisan polarization may be weakening this traditional relationship. We examine whether pocketbook voting – the tendency to vote based on personal economic circumstances – still influences presidential vote choice in this polarized era. Using the Cooperative Election Study’s data from 2020 to 2024, we explore how different indicators of economic vulnerability affect support for incumbent presidential candidates. We find that while partisans remain largely loyal except when suffering the most difficult economic hardships, independent voters show strong anti-incumbent voting when they experience financial strains. Our findings suggest that personal economic circumstances remain influential in American elections, but primarily among voters without strong partisan attachments.
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This content will become publicly available on June 30, 2026
When do molecular polaritons behave like optical filters?
This review outlines under what circumstances molecular polaritons act, in part, as optical filters. When these circumstances are met, the “polaritonic” phenomena can generally be explained via the principles of linear optics.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2238865
- PAR ID:
- 10648076
- Publisher / Repository:
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Chemical Society Reviews
- Volume:
- 54
- Issue:
- 13
- ISSN:
- 0306-0012
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 6482 to 6504
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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