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This content will become publicly available on June 20, 2026

Title: Metallicities of 20 Million Giant Stars Based on Gaia XP Spectra
Abstract We design an uncertainty-aware cost-sensitive neural network (UA-CSNet) to estimate metallicities from dereddened and corrected Gaia BP/RP (XP) spectra for giant stars. This method accounts for both stochastic errors in the input spectra and the imbalanced density distribution in [Fe/H] values. With a specialized architecture and training strategy, the UA-CSNet improves the precision of the predicted metallicities, especially for very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] ≤ −2.0) stars. With the PASTEL catalog as the training sample, our model can estimate metallicities down to [Fe/H] ∼ −4. We compare our estimates with a number of external catalogs and conduct tests using star clusters, finding overall good agreement. We also confirm that our estimates for VMP stars are unaffected by carbon enhancement. Applying the UA-CSNet, we obtain reliable and precise metallicity estimates for approximately 20 million giant stars, including 360,000 VMP stars and 50,000 extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≤ −3.0) stars. The resulting catalog is publicly available via the Chinese Virtual Observatory at doi: 10.12149/101604. This work highlights the potential of low-resolution spectra for metallicity estimation and provides a valuable data set for studying the formation and chemodynamical evolution of our Galaxy.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1927130
PAR ID:
10649203
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
IOP
Date Published:
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Volume:
279
Issue:
1
ISSN:
0067-0049
Page Range / eLocation ID:
7
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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