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Abstract Accurately quantifying and predicting the reactive transport of nitrate () in hydrologic systems continues to be a challenge, due to the complex hydrological and biogeochemical interactions that underlie this transport. Recent advances related to time‐variant water age have led to a new method that probes water mixing and selection behaviors using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. In this study, SAS functions were applied to investigate storage, water selection behaviors, and export regimes in a tile‐drained corn‐soybean field. The natural abundance stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of tile drainage were also measured to provide constraints on biogeochemical transformations. The SAS functions, calibrated using chloride measurements at tile drain outlets, revealed a strong young water preference during tile discharge generation. The use of a time‐variant SAS function for tile discharge generated unique water age dynamics that reveal an inverse storage effect driven by the activation of preferential flow paths and mechanically explain the observed variations in isotopes. Combining the water age estimates with isotope fingerprinting shed new light on export dynamics at the tile‐drain scale, where a large mixing volume and the lack of a strong vertical contrast in concentration resulted in chemostatic export regimes. For the first time, isotopes were embedded into a water age‐based transport model to model reactive transport under transient conditions. The results of this modeling study provided a proof‐of‐concept for the potential of coupling water age modeling with isotope analysis to elucidate the mechanisms driving reactive transport.
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Coupled Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Responses of Nitrate Export in a Tile‐Drained Agricultural Watershed Revealed by SAS Functions and Nitrate Isotopes
The combination of high nitrogen (N) inputs on tile‐drained agricultural watersheds contributes to excessive nitrate loss to surface‐ and groundwater systems. This study combined water age modeling based on StorAge Selection functions and nitrate isotopic analysis to examine the underlying mechanisms driving nitrate export in an intensively tile‐drained mesoscale watershed typical of the U.S. Upper Midwest. The water age modeling revealed a pronounced inverse storage effect and strong young water preference under high‐flow conditions, emphasizing evolving water mixing behavior driven by groundwater fluctuation and tile drain activation. Integrating nitrate concentration‐isotope‐discharge relationships with water age dynamics disentangled the interactions between flow path variations and subsurface N cycling in shaping seasonally variable nitrate export regimes at the watershed scale. Based on these results, a simple transit time‐based and isotope‐aided nitrate transport model was developed to estimate the timescales of watershed‐scale nitrate reactive transport. Model results demonstrated variable nitrate source availability and a wetness dependence for denitrification, indicating that interannual nitrate chemostasis is driven by coupled and proportional responses of soil nitrate production, denitrification, and flow path activation to varying antecedent wetness conditions. These findings suggest that intensively tile‐drained Midwestern agricultural watersheds function as both N transporters and transformers and may respond to large‐scale mitigation efforts within a relatively short timeframe. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of integrated water age modeling and nitrate isotopic analysis to advance the understanding of macroscale principles governing coupled watershed hydrologic and N biogeochemical functions.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2442450
- PAR ID:
- 10662058
- Publisher / Repository:
- AGU
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Water Resources Research
- Volume:
- 61
- Issue:
- 10
- ISSN:
- 0043-1397
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Associated Dataset(s):
- View Associated Dataset(s) >>
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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This repository contains the input data for SAS and nitrate transport modeling and the model results that can be used to reproduce the water age and nitrate reactive transport results presented in Sha et al. Coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of nitrate export in a tile-drained agricultural watershed revealed by SAS functions and nitrate isotopes.more » « less
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR039718
