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With improved portability and affordability, eye tracking devices have facilitated an expanding range of cycling experiments aimed at understanding cycling behavior and potential risks. Given the complexity of cyclists’ visual behavior and gaze measurements, we provide a comprehensive review with three key focuses: 1) the adoption and interpretation of various gaze metrics derived from cycling experiments, 2) a summary of the findings of those experiments, and 3) identifying areas for future research. A systematic review of three databases yielded thirty-five articles that met our inclusion criteria. Our review results show that cycling experiments with eye tracking allow analysis of the viewpoint of the cyclist and reactions to the built environment, road conditions, navigation behavior, and mental workload and/or stress levels. Our review suggests substantial variation in research objectives and the consequent selection of eye-tracking devices, experimental design, and which gaze metrics are used and interpreted. A variety of general gaze metrics and gaze measurements related to Areas of Interest (AOI) are applied to infer cyclists’ mental workload/stress levels and attention allocation respectively. The diversity of gaze metrics reported in the literature makes cross-study comparisons difficult. Areas for future research, especially potential integration with computer vision are also discussed. 

If people want the benefits of innovations, must they simply accept the unintended adverse consequences? Versions of this question haunt many who care about the social implications of technology. Technological design processes could include impact assessment steps, but not all do. Adoption in the marketplace may ignore spillover effects. Jurisprudence is often reactive and focused on remediating obvious wrongs. Public policy also often requires evidence of harm before legislators or administrators are willing to act. The failure to anticipate adverse consequences is sometimes framed as a moral lapse, but it could equally be about competence or incentives. This paper considers the relative merits of methodology (analogizing, interpolating, projecting,) and procedure (reflecting, reasoning, discourse) as systematic approaches to anticipating unintended consequences of innovation. It weighs the efficacy of such approaches against current reactive remedies, highlighting the importance of tailoring approach to context, and building in early learning opportunities (observing and testing). Several examples suggest that society is often playing catch-up and trying to avoid adverse consequences before the innovation is widely deployed rather than before it is initially introduced. 

Micromobility usage has increased significantly in the last several years as exemplified by shared escooters and privately owned bicycles. In this study, we use traffic camera footage to observe the behavior of over 700 shared e-scooters and privately owned bicycles in Asbury Park, New Jersey. We address the following questions: (1) What are the behavioral differences between bicycle and e-scooter usage in terms of helmet use, bike lane / sidewalk use, gender split, group riding, and by time of day? (2) Are more protective conditions associated with helmet use and bike lane / sidewalk use? And (3) what is the gender split between e-scooter users and cyclists? We find notable differences in safety precautions: around one third of cyclists but no shared e-scooter users were observed wearing a helmet. Among cyclists, helmet use was more prominent among men than women. However, men were more likely to ride on the road than women. We also found that the gender split was narrower among e-scooter users, with a nearly even gender split – as opposed to cyclists, where only 21% of cyclists were observed to be women. Our findings suggest that e-scooter users take fewer safety precautions, in that they are less likely to use a bike lane and to wear a helmet. We conclude with policy implications with regards to safety and gender differences between these two modes.