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Various zinc anodes with increasing calcium zincate (0%, 30%, 70%, 100%) were cycled at 50% theoretical Zn utilization to investigate cycle life and estimated cost. Failure mechanisms of majority 70% Zn/30% CaZn anodes are compared with pure CaZn. 

ABSTRACT: The presence of asphaltene at both fluid−fluid and fluid−solid interfaces has a wide impact on petroleum recovery processes, for example, by stabilizing oil−gas−water dispersions, adsorbing on reservoir rock surfaces and thus changing their wetting properties, and forming deposits in oil−gas production systems. The Yen-Mullins model for asphaltene behavior in bulk fluids provides a framework for understanding a diverse range of phenomena related to the adsorption dynamics of asphaltene at interfaces and how the adsorbed layers are structured. In this work, we address the relatively less explored parameter, which is accounting for the size and shape of the particles on the interfacial properties and emulsion stability. We discuss our investigations of the asphaltene adsorption and its effects, focusing on oil−water interfaces, and propose a lattice-gas model to explain the experimental observations of the interfacial tension and rheology.