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The onset of static liquefaction in anisotropically consolidated soils is of relevance in assessing the performance of geotechnical systems. Previous studies have also highlighted the role of inherent soil fabric. This study derives an analytical instability criterion for granular materials under undrained loading by using the relatively new anisotropic critical state theory (ACST). The criterion is established using the SANISAND-F model, and it is amenable to incorporating consolidation anisotropy and fabric effects. We assess different numerical strategies for simulating the instability onset on materials sheared from initially anisotropic conditions. Our assessments indicate that simulations that consider consolidation followed by shear better represent the response observed in laboratory tests. It is observed that the degree of anisotropic consolidation has no significant effect on the instability stress ratio, but a very high degree of anisotropic consolidation results in a spontaneous collapse. It is also observed that the anisotropic consolidated specimens have a higher instability stress ratio in triaxial compression than in triaxial extension, highlighting the effect of loading direction relative to the existing fabric. 

Static liquefaction has been associated with the failure of several tailing storage facilities (e.g., the Brumadinho failure in 2019) and has been a persistent topic of discussion in the mining and tailings communities. Experimental studies have suggested that the onset of static liquefaction is dependent on the initial state (void ratio and confinement) and fabric anisotropy. In this context, traditional constitutive models developed under the critical state theory (CST) have been used to investigate the onset of static liquefaction for several complex loading paths. However, these models do not capture the effect of soil fabric anisotropy (inherent and induced) that are relevant in field conditions. In this study, the Anisotropic Critical State Theory (ACST) framework is used to assess the onset of static liquefaction in particulate materials, incorporating the effects of inherent and induced fabric. Our assessments derive an analytical criterion to assess static liquefaction that can be applied to screening assessments. The derived analytical criterion is a function of material properties, state, and fabric anisotropy, which couple the effects of fabric and loading direction. The use of the derived criteria in particulate materials is illustrated, and the implications of assessing the static liquefaction of mine tailings under generalized loading is also discussed.