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Abstract Two interacting high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and associated stream interaction regions (SIR) caused a moderate geomagnetic storm during 14–20 March 2016. The spatio‐temporal evolution of the total electron content (TEC) during the storm is studied by using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The moderate storm caused significant and long‐lasting changes on TEC within the polar cap (70–90 MLAT), at auroral and sub‐auroral latitudes (60–70 MLAT), and at mid‐latitudes (40–60 MLAT). A 25%–50% depletion in TEC was observed for six days in the day, dusk and dawn sectors in the polar cap region and in the day and dusk sectors at the auroral and sub‐auroral latitudes. Sub‐auroral polarization streams observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite contributed to the sub‐auroral dusk TEC decreases. At mid‐latitudes, TEC depletion was observed in all local time sectors 21 hr after the storm onset. It is suggested that ion‐neutral frictional heating causes the TEC depletions, which is further supported by the observed spatial correlation between TEC depletions and O/N₂decreases at mid‐latitudes observed by TIMED/GUVI. The storm induced a prolonged positive phase at mid‐latitudes lasting 9 hr. In the polar cap, enhancements of TEC up to 200% were caused by polar cap patches. TEC increases were the dominant feature in the night and morning sectors within the auroral oval because of particle precipitation and resulted up to regionally averaged 6 TECU (200%) increases. 

Abstract Sporadic‐E (Es) are thin layers of enhanced ionization observed in the E‐region, typically between 95 and 120 km altitude. Es plays an important role in controlling the dynamics of the upper atmosphere and it is necessary to understand the geophysical factors influencing Es from both the scientific and operational perspectives. While the wind‐shear theory is widely accepted as an important mechanism responsible for the generation of Es, there are still gaps in the current state of our knowledge. For example, we are yet to determine precisely how changes in the dynamics of horizontal winds impact the formation, altitude, and destruction of Es layers. In this study, we report results from a coordinated experimental campaign between the Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar, the SuperDARN radar at Blackstone, and the Millstone Hill Digisonde to monitor the dynamics of mid‐latitude Es layers. We report observations during a 15‐hr window between 13 UT on 3 June 2022 and 4 UT on 4 June 2022, which was marked by the presence of a strong Es layer. We find that the height of the Es layer is collocated with strong vertical shears in atmospheric tides and that the zonal wind shears play a more important role than meridional wind shears in generating Es, especially at lower altitudes. Finally, we show that in the presence of Es, SuperDARN ground backscatter moves to closer ranges, and the height and critical frequency of the Es layer have a significant impact on the location and intensity of HF ground scatter.