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Herein, we communicate that altering the number of carbon atoms on the alkoxyphenyl substituent in naphthalene diimides results in tunable thermo-salient behavior across a variety of temperatures. Additionally, these compounds were found to display reversible thermochromic behavior in the single crystalline state. We analyzed this behavior using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), powder XRD (PXRD), and hot-stage microscopy. The heptoxyphenyl-, octoxyphenyl-, and nonoxyphenyl-derivatives exhibited “acrobatic” behavior—namely, bending, jumping, and splitting—upon an irreversible phase transition. This study contributes to a developing paradigm in the understanding of certain naphthalene diimide single crystals that the energy associated with irreversible phase transitions has the potential to perform mechanical work, and that the temperature at which this energy can be fine-tuned by selecting an appropriate alkoxyphenyl substituent. Furthermore, we show that these thermochromic NDI derivatives can be incorporated into commercially-available, polymeric 3D printing materials and the resulting printed mixed polymer-crystalline objects still exhibit thermochromic behavior after incorporation. 

We report thermo-mechanically responsive and thermochromic behavior in the single crystalline organic semiconductor butoxyphenyl N -substituted naphthalene diimide (BNDI). We show that initially monoclinic single crystals of BNDI undergo a single-crystal to single-crystal transition to a triclinic phase. This transition accompanies large changes in the crystal packing, a visible decrease in crystal size, reversible thermochromic behavior, and motion including bending, jumping, and splitting. We have shown that by fixing single crystals to a surface, we can harness the energy of the phase transition to create a single crystal cantilever capable of lifting weights with masses nigh two orders of magnitude heavier than the single crystal itself. 

Chemical solution deposition was used to deposit epitaxial Ba_xSr_(1−x)TiO₃thin films on SrTiO₃template layers on Si(001) forx = 1.0, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.0. Effective Pockels coefficients were determined as a function of film composition both for as‐deposited films (crystallized at 600°C) and for the films after annealing at 750°C for 10 hours. Pockels response decreased monotonically with decreasing Ba content and coefficients were higher for annealed films, reaching 89 ± 3 pm/V for annealed BaTiO₃. These results are contextualized with the aid of X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission microscopy, which illuminated the crystallinity and defect nature of the films.