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Abstract Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries are receiving intense interest as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries, however, the absence of high-performance anode materials limits their further commercialization. Here we prepare cobalt-doped tin disulfide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach. These nanocomposites maintain a capacity of 636.2 mAh g⁻¹after 120 cycles under a current density of 50 mA g⁻¹, and display a capacity of 328.3 mA h g⁻¹after 1500 cycles under a current density of 2 A g⁻¹. The quantitative capacitive analysis demonstrates that the electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite originates from the combined effects of cobalt and sulfur doping, resulting in the enhanced pseudocapacitive contribution (52.8 to 89.8% at 1 mV s⁻¹) of tin disulfide. This work provides insight into tuning the structure of layered transition metal dichalcogenides via heteroatom doping to develop high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.