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We present COSBO-7, a strong millimeter source known for more than 16 yr that just revealed its near-to-mid-IR counterpart with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The precise pinpointing by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array on the exquisite NIRCam and MIRI images show that it is a background source gravitationally lensed by a single foreground galaxy, and the analysis of its spectral energy distribution by different tools is in favor of photometric redshift atz_ph> 7. Strikingly, our lens modeling based on the JWST data shows that it has a regular disk morphology in the source plane. The dusty region giving rise to the far-IR-to-millimeter emission seems to be confined to a limited region to one side of the disk and has a high dust temperature of >90 K. The galaxy is experiencing starburst both within and outside of this dusty region. After taking the lensing magnification ofμ≈ 2.5–3.6 into account, the intrinsic star formation rate is several hundredM_⊙yr⁻¹both within the dusty region and across the more extended stellar disk, and the latter already has >10¹⁰M_⊙of stars in place. If it is indeed atz> 7, COSBO-7 presents an extraordinary case that is against the common wisdom about galaxy formation in the early Universe; simply put, its existence poses a critical question to be answered: how could a massive disk galaxy come into being so early in the Universe and sustain its regular morphology in the middle of an enormous starburst?

 

Urban vegetation experiences multiple natural and human impacts during urbanization, including land conversion, local environmental factors, and human management, which may bring positive or negative impacts on vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) at multiple scales. In this study, we analyzed the spatial-temporal changes of GPP and three urbanization factors: land urbanization (impervious surface coverage), population urbanization (Population), and economic urbanization Gross domestic product (GDP) at city-district-grid scales in Beijing during 2000–2018. Overall, both GPP and three urbanization factors showed an increased trend. The relationships between GPP and urbanization factors exhibit diverse characteristics at multiple scales: unlike the linear relationship observed at city scale, the relationships at district and grid scales all demonstrated nonlinear relationship, even a U shape between GPP and population/GDP. Furthermore, the positive impact of urbanization on GPP increased and offset the negative impact of land conversion from 9.9% in 2000 to 35% in 2018, indicating that urban management and climate during urbanization effectively promote vegetation photosynthesis and neutralize the negative impact of urban area expansion. Our findings highlight the increased growth offset by urbanization on vegetation and the importance of analysis at a finer scale. Understanding these urbanization types’ impact on vegetation is pivotal in formulating comprehensive strategies that foster sustainable urban development and preserve ecological balance.

 

Nanoindentation performed with a conospherical tip on the (100) face of cytosine monohydrate (CM) revealed a highly anisotropic response over a range of loads. Post-indent atomic force microscopy images identified an asymmetric deformation response owing to the pro-chiral structure of the surface. Activation of low rugosity slip planes induces movement of π-stacks rather than their displacement along the 1-dimensional hydrogen bonded ribbon direction. Anisotropy arises because slip can only propagate to one side of the indent, as the tip itself imparts a barrier to slip on the preferred plane thereby forcing the activation of secondary slip systems and pileup. The anisotropic deformation is of interest in relation to previous work which proposed a ribbon–rotation model to account for the topotactic conversion between CM and the product of its dehydration. The asymmetry in the nanomechanical properties exhibited by CM provides further support for the rotational model put forth and also serves to underscore the inherent relationship between a hydrate's mechanical properties and its solid state dehydration mechanism. 

Dosage schedule of the Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) is critical for gastric acid disorder treatment. In this paper, we develop a constrained optimization based approach for scheduling the PPIs dosage. In particular, we exploit a mathematical prediction model describing the gastric acid secretion, and use it within the optimization algorithm to predict the acid level. The dosage of the PPIs which is used to enforce acid level constraints is computed by solving a constrained optimization problem. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can successfully suppress the gastric acid level with less PPIs intake compared with the conventional fixed PPIs dosage regimen, which may reduce the long-term side effects of the PPIs.