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A single-step method for aniline formation was examined. Using a vanadate catalyst with an iron oxide co-catalyst and hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the amine source, an up to 90% yield of aniline was obtained with high selectivity. Further study showed that the overall reaction was pseudo-second order in terms of hydroxylamine concentration. Regioselective H-D exchange experiments suggest that the C-N bond formation step occurs via an irreversible electrophilic pathway. Based on all of the key observations, a mechanism is proposed. 

The Long Wavelength Array is a radio telescope array located at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in La Joya, New Mexico, well suited and situated for the observation of lightning. The array consists of 256 high-sensitivity dual polarization antennas arranged in a 100 m diameter. This paper demonstrates some of the capabilities that the array brings to the study of lightning. Once 32 or more antennas are used to image lightning radio sources, virtually every integration period longer than the impulse response of the array includes at least one identifiable lightning emitter, independent of the integration period used. The use of many antennas also allows multiple simultaneous lightning radio sources to be imaged at sub-microsecond timescales; for the flash examined, 51% of the images contained more than one lightning source. Finally, by using many antennas to image lightning sources, the array is capable of locating sources fainter than the galactic background radio noise level, yielding possibly the most sensitive radio maps of lightning to date. This incredible sensitivity enables, for the first time, the emissions originating from the positive leader tips of natural in-cloud lightning to be detected and located. The tip emission is distinctly different from needle emission and is most likely due to positive breakdown. 

Three-dimensional radio and optical mapping reveals that streamers of jets can extend from cloud top to the ionosphere. 

We propose that the upcoming Decadal Survey on Solar and Space Physics describe prominent contributions of lightning and its impacts beyond the troposphere, particularly within the NASA Heliophysics portfolio. We present a brief review of several topics highly relevant to NSF and NASA. We opt to unify these topics into one white paper, with longer reviews/references included.