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Abstract Human infants show systematic responses to events that violate their expectations. Can they also revise these expectations based on others’ expressions of surprise? Here we ask whether infants (N = 156, mean = 15.2 months, range: 12.0–18.0 months) can use an experimenter’s expression of surprise to revise their own expectations about statistically probable vs. improbable events. An experimenter sampled a ball from a box of red and white balls and briefly displayed either a surprised or an unsurprised expression at the outcome before revealing it to the infant. Following an unsurprised expression, the results were consistent with prior work; infants looked longer at a statistically improbable outcome than a probable outcome. Following a surprised expression, however, this standard pattern disappeared or was even reversed. These results suggest that even before infants can observe the unexpected events themselves, they can use others’ surprise to expect the unexpected. Starting early in life, human learners can leverage social information that signals others’ prediction error to update their own predictions. 

STEM education research has historically been under-equipped, relying on standardized tests and questionnaires while other fields deploy space telescopes and particle accelerators. What would happen if we designed research infrastructure for STEM education to address our priority needs? The INTERACT Incubator is a research coordination network whose goal was to develop a field-initiated vision of novel infrastructure that would enable aspirational research that could advance equity in STEM education. The incubator brought together a diverse cohort of experimental social psychologists who study social cues in STEM, experimental cognitive psychologists who study learning in authentic classroom settings, as well as education stakeholders and technologists with expertise in digital infrastructure for education. In Phase 1 we conducted a needs assessment, where we brainstormed aspirational research studies and identified three core infrastructure requirements: coordinated data collection and measurement systems, sustainable large-scale research–practice partnership frameworks, and knowledge repositories combined with professional learning networks. In Phase 2 we designed an integrated solution to address these needs. The INTERACT Incubator’s solution differs from existing research infrastructure because ours was systematically designed to address research needs identified by the field itself, rather than building research services on top of existing research capacities or operational systems. This commentary documents a consensus vision for novel infrastructure that would enable the research needed to achieve meaningful progress in STEM education. 

Before formal education begins, children typically acquire a vocabulary of thousands of words. This learning process requires the use of many different information sources in their social environment, including their current state of knowledge and the context in which they hear words used. How is this information integrated? We specify a developmental model according to which children consider information sources in an age-specific way and integrate them via Bayesian inference. This model accurately predicted 2–5-year-old children’s word learning across a range of experimental conditions in which they had to integrate three information sources. Model comparison suggests that the central locus of development is an increased sensitivity to individual information sources, rather than changes in integration ability. This work presents a developmental theory of information integration during language learning and illustrates how formal models can be used to make a quantitative test of the predictive and explanatory power of competing theories.