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The boiling efficacy is intrinsically tethered to trade-offs between the desire for bubble nucleation and necessity of vapor removal. The solution to these competing demands requires the separation of bubble activity and liquid delivery, often achieved through surface engineering. In this study, we independently engineer bubble nucleation and departure mechanisms through the design of heterogeneous and segmented nanowires with dual wettability with the aim of pushing the limit of structure-enhanced boiling heat transfer performances. The demonstration of separating liquid and vapor pathways outperforms state-of-the-art hierarchical nanowires, in particular, at low heat flux regimes while maintaining equal performances at high heat fluxes. A deep-learning based computer vision framework realized the autonomous curation and extraction of hidden big data along with digitalized bubbles. The combined efforts of materials design, deep learning techniques, and data-driven approach shed light on the mechanistic relationship between vapor/liquid pathways, bubble statistics, and phase change performance. 

Abstract Condensation is ubiquitous in nature and industry. Heterogeneous condensation on surfaces is typified by the continuous cycle of droplet nucleation, growth, and departure. Central to the mechanistic understanding of the thermofluidic processes governing condensation is the rapid and high‐fidelity extraction of interpretable physical descriptors from the highly transient droplet population. However, extracting quantifiable measures out of dynamic objects with conventional imaging technologies poses a challenge to researchers. Here, an intelligent vision‐based framework is demonstrated that unites classical thermofluidic imaging techniques with deep learning to fundamentally address this challenge. The deep learning framework can autonomously harness physical descriptors and quantify thermal performance at extreme spatio‐temporal resolutions of 300 nm and 200 ms, respectively. The data‐centric analysis conclusively shows that contrary to classical understanding, the overall condensation performance is governed by a key tradeoff between heat transfer rate per individual droplet and droplet population density. The vision‐based approach presents a powerful tool for the study of not only phase‐change processes but also any nucleation‐based process within and beyond the thermal science community through the harnessing of big data.