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Abstract We present an unprecedented simulation of how two large-scale heliospheric transients—a coronal mass ejection (CME) and a corotating stream interaction region—collide, producing a dramatic increase in the complexity of the CME due to formation of mesoscale flux ropes. These structures are captured for the first time by a numerical simulation using high-resolution numerical grids. The circumstances that lead to the formation of these complex structures occur during solar maximum. At the time of the solar maximum taken for this study, 2014 September, the heliospheric current sheet is vertically inclined running over the poles, allowing the CME to impact a preceding slow-fast stream interaction region. The simulation is performed with the Alfvén Wave Solar Atmosphere Model (or AWSoM), with which we initiate a fast CME from active region (AR) 12158 by applying a Gibson–Low magnetic flux rope. Magnetic reconnection within the leading extremity of the CME results in the formation of mesoscale flux ropes, which contain sufficiently strong magnetic fields (∼30 nT) to affect planetary magnetospheres. Finally, we use a tetrahedral configuration of four virtual probes, corresponding to the Space Weather Investigation Frontier mission concept, to show that the mission can uniquely resolve the spatial characteristics and temporal evolution of reconnecting current sheets within the CME, as well as the resulting mesoscale structures. 

This white paper is on the HMCS Firefly mission concept study. Firefly focuses on the global structure and dynamics of the Sun's interior, the generation of solar magnetic fields, the deciphering of the solar cycle, the conditions leading to the explosive activity, and the structure and dynamics of the corona as it drives the heliosphere.