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Abstract Understanding the thermal decomposition of metal salt precursors on carbon structures is essential for the controlled synthesis of metal‐decorated carbon nanomaterials. Here, the thermolysis of a Ni precursor salt, NiCl₂·6H₂O, on amorphous carbon (a‐C) and graphene oxide (GO) substrates is explored using in situ transmission electron microscopy. Thermal decomposition of NiCl₂·6H₂O on GO occurs at higher temperatures and slower kinetics than on a‐C substrate. This is correlated to a higher activation barrier for Cl₂removal calculated by the density functional theory, strong Ni‐GO interaction, high‐density oxygen functional groups, defects, and weak van der Waals using GO substrate. The thermolysis of NiCl₂·6H₂O proceeds via multistep decomposition stages into the formation of Ni nanoparticles with significant differences in their size and distribution depending on the substrate. Using GO substrates leads to nanoparticles with 500% smaller average sizes and higher thermal stability than a‐C substrate. Ni nanoparticles showcase thefcccrystal structure, and no size effect on the stability of the crystal structure is observed. These findings demonstrate the significant role of carbon substrate on nanoparticle formation and growth during the thermolysis of carbon–metal heterostructures. This opens new venues to engineer stable, supported catalysts and new carbon‐based sensors and filtering devices.