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Children rely on their approximate number system (ANS) to guess quantities from a young age. Studies have shown that older children displayed better ANS performance. However, previous research did not provide an explanation for this ANS improvement. We show that children’s development in ANS is primarily driven by improved attentional control and awareness of peripheral information. Children guess the number of dots on a computer screen while being eye-tracked in our experiment. The behavioral and eye-tracking results provide supporting evidence for our account. Our analysis shows that children estimate better under the longer display-time condition and more visual foveation, with the effect of visual foveation mediating that of time. It also shows that older children make fewer underestimations because they are better at directing their attention and gaze toward areas of interest, and they are also more aware of dots in their peripheral vision. Our finding suggests that the development of children’s ANS is significantly impacted by the development of children’s nonnumerical cognitive abilities.