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The space hurricane is a newly discovered large-scale three-dimensional magnetic vortex structure that spans the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere. At the height of the ionosphere, it has a strong circular horizontal plasma flow with a nearly zero-flow center and a coincident cyclone-shaped aurora caused by strong electron precipitation associated with intense upward magnetic field-aligned currents. By analyzing the long-term optical observation onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16 satellite from 2005 to 2016, we found that space hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere occur in summer and have a maximum occurrence rate in the afternoon sector around solar maximum. In particular, space hurricanes are more likely to occur in the dayside polar cap at magnetic latitudes greater than 80°, and their MLT (magnetic local time) dependence shows a positive relationship with the IMF (interplanetary magnetic field) clock angle. We also found that space hurricanes occur mainly under dominant positive IMF By and Bz and negative Bx conditions. It is suggested that the stable high-latitude lobe reconnection, which occurs under the conditions of a large Earth’s dipole tilt angle and high ionosphere conductivity in summer, should be the formation mechanism of space hurricanes. The result will give a better understanding of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling process under northward IMF conditions. 

Abstract Titanium metal–organic frameworks (Ti‐MOFs), as an appealing type of artificial photocatalyst, have shown great potential in the field of solar energy conversion due to their well‐studied photoredox activity (similar to TiO₂) and good optical responsiveness of linkers, which serve as the antenna to absorb visible‐light. Although much effort has been dedicated to developing Ti‐MOFs with high photocatalytic activity, their solar energy conversion performances are still poor. Herein, we have implemented a covalent‐integration strategy to construct a series of multivariate Ti‐MOF/COF hybrid materials PdTCPP⊂PCN‐415(NH₂)/TpPa (composites 1, 2, and 3), featuring excellent visible‐light utilization, a suitable band gap, and high surface area for photocatalytic H₂production. Notably, the resulting composites demonstrated remarkably enhanced visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic H₂evolution performance, especially for the composite 2 with a maximum H₂evolution rate of 13.98 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹(turnover frequency (TOF)=227 h⁻¹), which is much higher than that of PdTCPP⊂PCN‐415(NH₂) (0.21 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and TpPa (6.51 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). Our work thereby suggests a new approach to highly efficient photocatalysts for H₂evolution and beyond.