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  1. Various measurements of muons in air showers using ground-based particle detector arrays have indicated a discrepancy between observed data and predictions from simulations. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory can offer unique insights into this issue. Its surface array, IceTop, measures the muon density at large lateral distances, while the deep in-ice detector provides information on high-energy muons. Recent analyses have determined the surface muon density and the high-energy (Eμ≳ 500 GeV) muon multiplicity in near-vertical air showers for primary energies ranging from 2.5 PeV to 100 PeV. In this contribution, we present the results and discuss their consistency with predictions from current hadronic interaction models. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available March 21, 2026