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We describe the development of Pd–PHOX-catalysed enantioselective couplings of internal dienes with malononitrile and other activated C-pronucleophiles. Reactions are dramatically accelerated by the addition of Et 3 N·HBAr F 4 as a Brønsted acid co-catalyst, enabling a suite of products bearing a variety of alkyl substituents at the stereogenic carbon to be prepared. A series of mechanism-oriented experiments reveal key aspects of the catalytic cycle and the importance of the non-coordinating BAr F 4 counterion in not only promoting reactions of internal dienes but also additions of previously unreactive nucleophiles towards terminal dienes.more » « less
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