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Abstract When maintenance resources in a manufacturing system are limited, a challenge arises in determining how to allocate these resources among multiple competing maintenance jobs. This work formulates an online prioritization problem to tackle this challenge using a Markov decision process (MDP) to model the system behavior and Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) to seek optimal maintenance actions in various states of the system. Further, case-based reasoning (CBR) is adopted to retain and reuse search experience gathered from MCTS to reduce the computational effort needed over time and to improve decision-making efficiency. The proposed method results in increased system throughput when compared to existing methods of maintenance prioritization while also reducing the computation time needed to identify optimal maintenance actions as more information is gathered. This is especially beneficial in manufacturing settings where maintenance decisions must be made quickly to minimize the negative performance impact of machine downtime.