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Precision optical measurements of the electron-spin precession of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond form the basis of numerous applications. The most sensitivity-demanding applications, such as femtotesla magnetometry, require the ability to measure changes in GHz spin transition frequencies at the sub-millihertz level, corresponding to a fractional resolution of better than ${10}^{-12}$. Here we study the impact of microwave (MW) phase noise on the response of an NV sensor. Fluctuations of the phase of the MW waveform cause undesired rotations of the NV spin state. These fluctuations are imprinted in the optical readout signal and, left unmitigated, are indistinguishable from magnetic-field noise. We show that the phase noise of several common commercial MW generators results in an effective $\mathrm{pT}{\mathrm{s}}^{1/2}$-range noise floor that varies with the MW carrier frequency and the detection frequency of the pulse sequence. The data are described by a frequency-domain model incorporating the MW phase-noise spectrum and the filter-function response of the sensing protocol. For controlled injection of white and random-walk phase noise, the observed NV magnetic noise floor is described by simple analytic expressions that accurately capture the scaling with pulse sequence length and the number of $\pi$pulses. We outline several strategies to suppress the impact of MW phase noise and implement a version, based on gradiometry, that realizes a $>10$-fold suppression. Our study highlights an important challenge in the pursuit of sensitive diamond quantum sensors and is applicable to other qubit systems with a large transition frequency. Published by the American Physical Society2024 

Radio frequency (RF) magnetometers based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond are predicted to offer femtotesla sensitivity, but previous experiments were limited to the picotesla level. We demonstrate a femtotesla RF magnetometer using a diamond membrane inserted between ferrite flux concentrators. The device provides ~300-fold amplitude enhancement for RF magnetic fields from 70 kHz to 3.6 MHz, and the sensitivity reaches ~70 fT√s at 0.35 MHz. The sensor detected the 3.6-MHz nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of room-temperature sodium nitrite powder. The sensor’s recovery time after an RF pulse is ~35 μs, limited by the excitation coil’s ring-down time. The sodium-nitrite NQR frequency shifts with temperature as −1.00±0.02 kHz/K, the magnetization dephasing time isT₂*=887±51 μs, and multipulse sequences extend the signal lifetime to 332±23 ms, all consistent with coil-based studies. Our results expand the sensitivity frontier of diamond magnetometers to the femtotesla range, with potential applications in security, medical imaging, and materials science. 

We demonstrate the operation of a rotation sensor based on the nitrogen-14 ( 14 N) nuclear spins intrinsic to nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. The sensor uses optical polarization and readout of the nuclei and a radio-frequency double-quantum pulse protocol that monitors 14 N nuclear spin precession. This measurement protocol suppresses the sensitivity to temperature variations in the 14 N quadrupole splitting, and it does not require microwave pulses resonant with the NV electron spin transitions. The device was tested on a rotation platform and demonstrated a sensitivity of 4.7°/ s (13 mHz/ Hz ), with a bias stability of 0.4 °/s (1.1 mHz).