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As fuel injection systems advance towards higher injection pressures and the combustor environment increases in both temperature and pressure in the pursuit of improved emissions and efficiency, advanced combustion strategies are required. Injecting fuel as a supercritical fluid has the potential to improve fuel/air mixing and eliminate steps in the spray vaporization process. Experiments are carried out on a heated fuel injector in an open-air test cell using Mie scattering, Schlieren imaging, and long-distance microscopy to investigate changes in spray characteristics with varying temperature and pressure. Spray angle, spray penetration length, and vapor-liquid ratio data are collected and evaluated. Near-nozzle imaging shows distinct changes in spray morphology during the initial microseconds of spray formation. Sprays injected under conditions further into the supercritical regime exhibit increased spray angle and vapor-to-liquid ratio. Spray penetration is found to decrease with increasing temperature. A jump in vapor-to-liquid ratio is observed in the vicinity of 568 K, indicating a transition in spray behaviour trending towards more rapid fuel/air mixing across the transcritical region. Changes in the micro-scale structure of the spray during the initial microseconds of spray formation exhibit this same narrow transition region. A significantly greater fraction of the spray plume is observed to be in a vapor or vapor-like state at a given time after injection initiation as the injection conditions are advanced into the supercritical state. These findings indicate that injection fuel as a supercritical fluid has the potential to improve the mixing of a fuel/air charge, and thus, improve combustion quality. 

Recent trends in decarbonizing efforts have brought ammonia to the forefront of research as a fuel for energy and transportation. But several previous studies have strongly suggested that ammonia has difficulties in ignition and heat release when used in a gaseous form due to its physical properties. On the other hand, working with liquid ammonia presents countless problems like difficulty in pressurizing, damage to elastomers and other metals, etc. In this study, pure liquid ammonia is injected into a CVCC (constant volume combustion chamber) using a hollow cone injector to understand the behavior of liquid ammonia when pressurized. Specifically, varying ambient temperature and pressure conditions encompassing the fuel’s subcritical to the supercritical regimes are studied as liquid ammonia tends to rapidly vaporize and flash-boil at pressures and temperatures above 50 bar and 315 K. High-speed shadowgraph and Schlieren imaging techniques are used to characterize the spray and understand the effects of varying conditions. Based on the formation of the central plume due to collapsing spray, many measurements like the plume ratio and penetration are studied to indicate the fuel's transition into the transcritical regime. A measurement of the flash-boiling spray plume ratios along with the spray penetration data give us a correlation of the environmental conditions to the spray transitioning into the supercritical regime. Interestingly, increasing the injection pressure from 75 bar to 150 bar shows 3 distinct regimes forming in the central spray plume penetration and the sprat plume ratio. This study has novel contribution to the development of direct injection of liquid ammonia spray for applications in high-power density engine systems. 

Fuels when sprayed under superheated and elevated fuel pressure show different behavior than traditional fuel injection sprays. In this work optical diagnostics were used to study the behavior of Jet A-1 under subcritical, transcritical, and supercritical sprays into open air ambience. Five different temperatures were tested, and the resultant spray images were processed to obtain quantitative measurements such as spray penetrations, and spray cone angle for each case. The spray structure transition with changing parameters from subcritical, transcritical, and supercritical states were also studied. The transition between the three different states are shown in this study and the resulting spray cone angles and penetrations are compared for the fuel. The results show that a transcritical spray has a measurable variation in the spray cone formation and penetration process for a fixed injection pressure. At this state the spray cone shows a bimodal spray angle relationship with increasing penetration. Flash boiling of the fuel is observed near the nozzle of the injector. Increasing the temperature further into the supercritical regime, the spray plume shows a thinning of the jet near the nozzle with a reduced overall penetration compared to lower temperatures. 

The spray characteristics of fuels when sprayed under superheated and elevated fuel pressure are markedly different than traditional fuel injection sprays. Studying fuel sprays under these conditions will help us understand the complex behaviors that may provide us with information to optimize future applications of certain technologies like supercritical spray combustion. In this work optical diagnostics are used to study the behavior of Jet A-1 under subcritical, transcritical, and supercritical sprays into open air test chambers. The experimental setup includes a high-pressure air driven pump to create the required high fuel pressure and a special heated injector to increase the temperature of the fuel inside the injector before injection to the required temperatures. Optical techniques like Schlieren and backlit shadowgraph are used to capture and study the sprays from a single hole high pressure diesel injector. A combination of 4 different temperatures and 4 different pressures are tested and the resultant images are processed to obtain quantitative measurements such as spray penetrations, spray cone angle, and spray optical density for each case. Moreover, the spray plume structure transition with changing parameters from subcritical, transcritical, and supercritical states for the fuel are also studied. The results show that with the fuel being in a transcritical state before injection there is a measurable variation in the spray cone formation and penetration for any fixed pressure. At this state the spray cone shows a bimodal spray angle distribution with increasing penetration. An increase in vapor turbulence is also observed indicating the occurrence of flash boiling of the fuel. With the fuels pushed to a supercritical state, the spray shows a thinner spray jet near the injector with a reduced overall penetration and reduced optical density near nozzle. The transition between the three different states as shown in this study gives us an interesting relationship between the spray penetration, spray cone angle and the spray optical density. This can be used as an indicator in understanding spray atomization of the fuels under supercritical spray conditions.