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Sustainability has become a critical focus area across the technology industry, most notably in cloud data centers. In such shared-use computing environments, there is a need to account for the power consumption of individual users. Prior work on power prediction of individual user jobs in shared environments has often focused on workloads that stress a single resource, such as CPU or DRAM. These works typically employ a specific machine learning (ML) model to train and test on the target workload for high accuracy. However, modern workloads in data centers can stress multiple resources simultaneously, and cannot be assumed to always be available for training. This paper empirically evaluates the performance of various ML models under different model settings and training data assumptions for the per-job power prediction problem using a range of workloads. Our evaluation results provide key insights into the efficacy of different ML models. For example, we find that linear ML models suffer from poor prediction accuracy (as much as 25% prediction error), especially for unseen workloads. Conversely, non-linear models, specifically XGBoost and xRandom Forest, provide reasonable accuracy (7–9% error). We also find that data-normalization and the power-prediction model formulation affect the accuracy of individual ML models in different ways. 

The current techniques and tools for collecting, aggregating, and reporting verifiable sustainability data are vulnerable to cyberattacks and misuse, requiring new security and privacy-preserving solutions. This article outlines security challenges and research directions for addressing these requirements.