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Abstract This paper, a follow-up to Boas/Ruppenhofer/Baker (2024), reports on the results and applications of the FrameNet database. It spells out how FrameNet data have been used in linguistic theory, computational linguistics, multilingual lexicography, and foreign language teaching and learning. The paper also provides more information about the organization of the FrameNet project, inlcuding organizational, financial, and personal challenges. 

Abstract Phylogenomic analyses of closely related species allow important glimpses into their evolutionary history. Although recent studies have demonstrated that inter-species hybridization has occurred in several groups, incorporating this process in phylogenetic reconstruction remains challenging. Specifically, the most predominant topology across the genome is often assumed to reflect the speciation tree, but rampant hybridization might overwhelm the genomes, causing that assumption to be violated. The notoriously challenging phylogeny of the 5 extant Panthera species (specifically jaguar [P. onca], lion [P. leo], and leopard [P. pardus]) is an interesting system to address this problem. Here we employed a Panthera-wide whole-genome-sequence data set incorporating 3 jaguar genomes and 2 representatives of lions and leopards to dissect the relationships among these 3 species. Maximum-likelihood trees reconstructed from non-overlapping genomic fragments of 4 different sizes strongly supported the monophyly of all 3 species. The most frequent topology (76–95%) united lion + leopard as a sister species (topology 1), followed by lion + jaguar (topology 2: 4–8%) and leopard + jaguar (topology 3: 0–6%). Topology 1 was dominant across the genome, especially in high-recombination regions. Topologies 2 and 3 were enriched in low-recombination segments, likely reflecting the species tree in the face of hybridization. Divergence times between sister species of each topology, corrected for local-recombination-rate effects, indicated that the lion-leopard divergence was significantly younger than the alternatives, likely driven by post-speciation admixture. Introgression analyses detected pervasive hybridization between lions and leopards, regardless of the assumed species tree. This inference was strongly supported by multispecies-coalescence-with-introgression analyses, which rejected topology 1 (lion+leopard) or any model without introgression. Interestingly, topologies 2 (lion+jaguar) and 3 (jaguar+leopard) with extensive lion-leopard introgression were unidentifiable, highlighting the complexity of this phylogenetic problem. Our results suggest that the dominant genome-wide tree topology is not the true species tree but rather a consequence of overwhelming post-speciation admixture between lion and leopard. 

On October 10-11, 2023, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the U.S. Research Data Summit at the National Academy of Sciences Building in Washington, DC. The summit was undertaken by a planning committee organized under the U.S. National Committee for CODATA. The summit was informed by input from 29 organizations, including leaders from federal government agencies, the private sector, public and nonprofit organizations, and research institutions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the summit. 

The African naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a small, eusocial rodent that lives in large colonies consisting of up to 295 individuals. Their skin is pink and translucent, and naked mole rats have a distinct set of incisors that protrude externally from the mouth so that they can close their lips behind their teeth while using the teeth to dig tunnels, toilets, and nest chambers. They construct and inhabit complex underground tunnel systems in the Horn of Africa where they are protected from climate extremes and predators on the surface, but still face limited resources (sparsely distributed food), and a biologically challenging environment where there is a depletion of oxygen and an accumulation of carbon dioxide from many respirating individuals living in an unventilated space. This is particularly an issue in the communal nest chambers where animals gather to huddle and sleep. Data from Zions et al. show that the nest chambers in colonies of captive naked mole rats have significantly, and substantially higher concentrations of CO2 compared to other compartments in the housing system. They also showed that on average, colony members spent more than 70% of their time in the nest chamber, exposed to elevated CO2. Naked mole rats have a multitude of biological adaptations that make them specialized for life in humid, congested, poorly ventilated burrows. Subsequently, this species is a fascinating and important nontraditional model for biomedical research. Studies have focused on topics such as tolerance to hypoxia and hypercapnia, extreme longevity, resistance to cancer, and insensitivity to chemical pain. One remarkable feature that naked mole rats display is the lack of Substance P from their peripheral nerves. Substance P is associated with pain from a variety of irritants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), acid, capsaicin, and ammonia, as well as itch-like pruritogen, like histamines. Lack of Substance P is presumably an adaptation to reduce the negative effects of living in a high CO2 atmosphere, which would cause a burning sensation in the nasal cavity and around the eyes, as well as acidosis in the lungs that causes pulmonary edema. This chapter reviews how this feature affects their physiology and behavior. For example, naked mole rats show a blunted response to inflammatory pain, complete insensitivity to irritants such as capsaicin, ammonia, and acid, and they do not show a scratching response to histamine. 

Among the formalisms that can be used to reason about concurrent systems, process calculi stand out both for their simple syntax and close connection to reversibility. They also offer approaches to study relations such as dependence, concurrency or causality between transitions, useful in exploring e.g., causes of bugs or how to multi-thread executions. This paper offers two main contributions: first, we provide separate definitions of a dependence relation and an independence relation, and prove their complementarity on connected transitions instead of postulating it, as is usually done. We also prove that those relations, as well as the notions of event, concurrency, causality and conflict, are unique for any reversible system respecting basic sanity axioms. Second, we prove that the operational definitions of core independence and causality coincide with their characterisations using a pre-existing syntactic mechanism in reversible process calculi, namely communication keys. 

Understanding the mechanism that controls cement hydration and its stages is a long-standing challenge. Over a decade ago, the mineral dissolution theory was adopted from geochemistry to explain the hydration rate evolution of alite. The theory is not fully accepted by the community and deserves further investigation. In this work, we apply Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations with the mineral dissolution theory as a conceptual framework to investigate and discuss alite dissolution. We build a Kossel crystal model system and parameterize the dissolution activation energies and frequencies based on experimental data. The resulting KMC model is capable of reproducing the dissolution rate and activation energies as a function of the dissolution free energy. The simulations indicate that mineral dissolution theory easily explains the induction and acceleration stages due to a continuous increase of the reactive area as the etch pits open. However, the deceleration stage is hardly reconcilable with the mechanism suggested in the literature, i.e. dislocation coalescence. Still, within the mineral dissolution theory umbrella, we propose and discuss an alternative mechanism based on dislocation exhaustion. 

Abstract Search engine algorithms are increasingly subjects of critique, with evidence indicating their role in driving polarization, exclusion, and algorithmic social harms. Many proposed solutions take a top-down approach, with experts proposing bias-corrections. A more participatory approach may be possible, with those made vulnerable by algorithmic unfairness having a voice in how they want to be “found.” By using a mixed methods approach, we sought to develop search engine criteria from the bottom-up. In this project we worked with a group of 16 African American artisanal entrepreneurs in Detroit Michigan, with a majority female and all from low-income communities. Through regular in-depth interviews with select participants, they highlighted their important services, identities and practices. We then used causal set relations with natural language processing to match queries with their qualitative narratives. We refer to this two-step process-- deliberately focusing on social groups with unaddressed needs, and carefully translating narratives to computationally accessible forms--as a “content aware” approach. The resulting content aware search outcomes place themes that participants value, in particular greater relationality, much earlier in the list of results when compared with a standard Web search. More broadly, our use of participatory design with “content awareness” adds evidence to the importance of addressing algorithmic bias by considering who gets to address it; and, that participatory search engine criteria can be modeled as robust linkages between interviews and semantic similarity using causal set relations. 

ABSTRACT Details of the Late Jurassic tectonic evolution of the North American continental margin remain controversial, but a clear understanding of Late Jurassic tectonics is essential for understanding subsequent terrane accretion and displacement. Upper Jurassic strata of the Galice Formation in the western Klamath Mountains province and the Mariposa Formation in the Western Sierra Nevada metamorphic province were deposited along the margin of North America during this critical time. The Galice and Mariposa Formations have long been correlated, and these strata are the youngest rocks deformed during Late Jurassic Nevadan deformation in Oregon and California. Published and new detrital zircon age and εHf data sets from the Galice Formation (N = 30; n-age = 7287; n-Hf = 876) and Mariposa Formation (N = 13; n-age = 3656; n-Hf = 484) confirm previous correlations between Galice and Mariposa strata and require that abundant continentally derived zircon reached both basins with the onset of turbidite deposition ca. 159 Ma. However, subtle differences between the pre-Mesozoic age distributions and Mesozoic zircon εHf values compiled for each basin reveal nuances in provenance that can be directly related to the location of each basin relative to sediment sources within the magmatic arc and retroarc region. Mixture modeling indicates that the relative latitudinal position of the Galice and Mariposa basins with respect to their source regions can account for the differences in source contributions to each basin, and our results indicate <200 km of post-Jurassic dextral displacement within the Sierra Nevada magmatic arc. These geochemical and age-based provenance results, combined with depositional age constraints for each basin, are most consistent with models for the Late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny that call on changing plate kinematics during eastward subduction that resulted in periods of transtension and transpression along the margin, rather than westward subduction of the North American plate beneath an island archipelago or double subduction of the Mezcalero plate.