skip to main content
Explore Scholarly Publications and Datasets in the NSF-PAR

  • NSF Public Access
  • Search Results
  • Accepted Manuscript: Stochastic theory and direct numerical simulations of the relative motion of high-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence
Title: Stochastic theory and direct numerical simulations of the relative motion of high-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence
The relative velocities and positions of monodisperse high-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence are studied using direct numerical simulations (DNS), as well as Langevin simulations (LS) based on a probability density function (PDF) kinetic model for pair relative motion. In a prior study (Rani et al. , J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 756, 2014, pp. 870–902), the authors developed a stochastic theory that involved deriving closures in the limit of high Stokes number for the diffusivity tensor in the PDF equation for monodisperse particle pairs. The diffusivity contained the time integral of the Eulerian two-time correlation of fluid relative velocities seen by pairs that are nearly stationary. The two-time correlation was analytically resolved through the approximation that the temporal change in the fluid relative velocities seen by a pair occurs principally due to the advection of smaller eddies past the pair by large-scale eddies. Accordingly, two diffusivity expressions were obtained based on whether the pair centre of mass remained fixed during flow time scales, or moved in response to integral-scale eddies. In the current study, a quantitative analysis of the (Rani et al. 2014) stochastic theory is performed through a comparison of the pair statistics obtained using LS with those from DNS. more » LS consist of evolving the Langevin equations for pair separation and relative velocity, which is statistically equivalent to solving the classical Fokker–Planck form of the pair PDF equation. Langevin simulations of particle-pair dispersion were performed using three closure forms of the diffusivity – i.e. the one containing the time integral of the Eulerian two-time correlation of the seen fluid relative velocities and the two analytical diffusivity expressions. In the first closure form, the two-time correlation was computed using DNS of forced isotropic turbulence laden with stationary particles. The two analytical closure forms have the advantage that they can be evaluated using a model for the turbulence energy spectrum that closely matched the DNS spectrum. The three diffusivities are analysed to quantify the effects of the approximations made in deriving them. Pair relative-motion statistics obtained from the three sets of Langevin simulations are compared with the results from the DNS of (moving) particle-laden forced isotropic turbulence for $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}=10,20,40,80$ and $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=76,131$ . Here, $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}$ is the particle Stokes number based on the Kolmogorov time scale and $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$  is the Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number. Statistics such as the radial distribution function (RDF), the variance and kurtosis of particle-pair relative velocities and the particle collision kernel were computed using both Langevin and DNS runs, and compared. The RDFs from the stochastic runs were in good agreement with those from the DNS. Also computed were the PDFs $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}(U|r)$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}(U_{r}|r)$ of relative velocity $U$ and of the radial component of relative velocity $U_{r}$ respectively, both PDFs conditioned on separation $r$ . The first closure form, involving the Eulerian two-time correlation of fluid relative velocities, showed the best agreement with the DNS results for the PDFs. « less
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
1435953
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10025836
Journal Name:
Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Volume:
813
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
205 to 249
ISSN:
0022-1120
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. ; ; ; ; ; ( , Journal of Fluid Mechanics)
    Laboratory experiments were performed on a geometrically scaled vertical-axis wind turbine model over an unprecedented range of Reynolds numbers, including and exceeding those of the full-scale turbine. The study was performed in the high-pressure environment of the Princeton High Reynolds number Test Facility (HRTF). Utilizing highly compressed air as the working fluid enabled extremely high Reynolds numbers while still maintaining dynamic similarity by matching the tip speed ratio (defined as the ratio of tip velocity to free stream, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}R/U$ ) and Mach number (defined at the turbine tip, $Ma=\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}R/a$ ). Preliminary comparisons are made with measurements from the full-scale field turbine. Peak power for both the field data and experiments resides around $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=1$ . In addition, a systematic investigation of trends with Reynolds number was performed in the laboratory, which revealed details about the asymptotic behaviour. It was shown that the parameter that characterizes invariance in the power coefficient was the Reynolds number based on blade chord conditions ( $Re_{c}$ ). The power coefficient reaches its asymptotic value when $Re_{c}>1.5\times 10^{6}$ , which is higher than what the field turbine experiences. The asymptotic power curve is found, which is invariant to further increases in Reynolds number.
  2. ; ; ; ; ( , Journal of Fluid Mechanics)
    The dynamics of air bubbles in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection is described for the first time using laboratory experiments and complementary numerical simulations. We performed experiments at $Ra=5.5\times 10^{9}$ and $1.1\times 10^{10}$ , where streams of 1 mm bubbles were released at various locations from the bottom of the tank along the path of the roll structure. Using three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry, we simultaneously tracked a large number of bubbles to inspect the pair dispersion, $R^{2}(t)$ , for a range of initial separations, $r$ , spanning one order of magnitude, namely $25\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\leqslant r\leqslant 225\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ ; here $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ is the local Kolmogorov length scale. Pair dispersion, $R^{2}(t)$ , of the bubbles within a quiescent medium was also determined to assess the effect of inhomogeneity and anisotropy induced by the RB convection. Results show that $R^{2}(t)$ underwent a transition phase similar to the ballistic-to-diffusive ( $t^{2}$ -to- $t^{1}$ ) regime in the vicinity of the cell centre; it approached a bulk behavior $t^{3/2}$ in the diffusive regime as the distance away from the cell centre increased. At small $r$ , $R^{2}(t)\propto t^{1}$ is shown in the diffusive regime with a lower magnitude compared to the quiescent case, indicating that the convective turbulence reducedmore »the amplitude of the bubble’s fluctuations. This phenomenon associated to the bubble path instability was further explored by the autocorrelation of the bubble’s horizontal velocity. At large initial separations, $R^{2}(t)\propto t^{2}$ was observed, showing the effect of the roll structure.« less
  3. ; ; ; ( , Journal of Fluid Mechanics)
    We mimic a flapping wing through a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) framework based upon a generalized lumped-torsional flexibility model. The developed fluid and structural solvers together determine the aerodynamic forces, wing deformation and self-propelled motion. A phenomenological solution to the linear single-spring structural dynamics equation is established to help offer insight and validate the computations under the limit of small deformation. The cruising velocity and power requirements are evaluated by varying the flapping Reynolds number ( $20\leqslant Re_{f}\leqslant 100$ ), stiffness (represented by frequency ratio, $1\lesssim \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\ast }\leqslant 10$ ) and the ratio of aerodynamic to structural inertia forces (represented by a dimensionless parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ ( $0.1\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D713}\leqslant 3$ )). For structural inertia dominated flows ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}\ll 1$ ), pitching and plunging are shown to always remain in phase ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\approx 0$ ) with the maximum wing deformation occurring at the end of the stroke. When aerodynamics dominates ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}>1$ ), a large phase difference is induced ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\approx \unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2$ ) and the maximum deformation occurs at mid-stroke. Lattice Boltzmann simulations show that there is an optimal $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\ast }$ at which cruising velocity is maximized and the location of optimum shifts away from unit frequency ratio ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\ast }=1$ ) asmore »$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$ increases. Furthermore, aerodynamics administered deformations exhibit better performance than those governed by structural inertia, quantified in terms of distance travelled per unit work input. Closer examination reveals that although maximum thrust transpires at unit frequency ratio, it is not transformed into the highest cruising velocity. Rather, the maximum velocity occurs at the condition when the relative tip displacement ${\approx}\,0.3$ .« less
  4. ; ( , Compositio Mathematica)
    We study the variation of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ -invariants in Hida families with residually reducible Galois representations. We prove a lower bound for these invariants which is often expressible in terms of the $p$ -adic zeta function. This lower bound forces these $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ -invariants to be unbounded along the family, and we conjecture that this lower bound is an equality. When $U_{p}-1$ generates the cuspidal Eisenstein ideal, we establish this conjecture and further prove that the $p$ -adic $L$ -function is simply a power of $p$ up to a unit (i.e.  $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0$ ). On the algebraic side, we prove analogous statements for the associated Selmer groups which, in particular, establishes the main conjecture for such forms.
  5. ( , Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems)
    Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \mathbb{R}\backslash \mathbb{Q}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})=\limsup _{n\rightarrow \infty }(\ln q_{n+1})/q_{n}<\infty$ , where $p_{n}/q_{n}$ is the continued fraction approximation to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ . Let $(H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}u)(n)=u(n+1)+u(n-1)+2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\cos 2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}+n\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})u(n)$ be the almost Mathieu operator on $\ell ^{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ , where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \mathbb{R}$ . Avila and Jitomirskaya [The ten Martini problem. Ann. of Math. (2), 170 (1) (2009), 303–342] conjectured that, for $2\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}$ , $H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$ satisfies Anderson localization if $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|>e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})}$ . In this paper, we develop a method to treat simultaneous frequency and phase resonances and obtain that, for $2\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}$ , $H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$ satisfies Anderson localization if $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|>e^{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})}$ .
  • Citation Formats
  • MLA
  • APA
  • Chicago
  • BibTeX
  • Save / Share this Record
  • Send to Email