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The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology.
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Elastic Sheets, Phase Surfaces, and Pattern Universes
We connect the theories of the deformation of elastic surfaces and phase surfaces arising in the description of almost periodic patterns. In particular, we show parallels between asymptotic expansions for the energy of elastic surfaces in powers of the thicknesshand the free energy for almost periodic patterns expanded in powers of ε, the inverse aspect ratio of the pattern field. For sheets as well as patterns, the resulting energy can be expressed in terms of natural geometric invariants, the first and second fundamental forms of the elastic surface, respectively, the phase surface. We discuss various results for these energies and also address some of the outstanding questions. We extend previous work on point (in two dimensional) and loop (in three dimensional) disclinations and connect their topological indices with the condensation of Gaussian curvature of the phase surface. Motivated by this connection with the charge and spin of pattern quarks and leptons, we lay out an ambitious program to build a multiscale universe inspired by patterns in which the short (spatial and temporal) scales are given by a nearly periodic microstructure and whose macroscopic/slowly varying/averaged behaviors lead to a hierarchy of structures and features on much longer scales including analogs to quarks and leptons, dark matter, dark energy, and inflationary cosmology. One of our new findings is an interpretation of dark matter as the energy density in a pattern field. The associated gravitational forces naturally result in galactic rotation curves that are consistent with observations, while simultaneously avoiding some of the small‐scale difficulties of the standard ΛCDM (cold dark matter) paradigm in cosmology.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1740858
- PAR ID:
- 10033394
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Studies in Applied Mathematics
- Volume:
- 139
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0022-2526
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 322-368
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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