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1. Cloaking of Equilateral Triangle Patch Antennas and Antenna Arrays with Planar Coated Metasurfaces

   https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125517  

   Pawar, Shefali; Skinner, Harry; Suh, Seong-Youp; Yakovlev, Alexander (June 2023, Sensors)

   We have proposed an effective metasurface design to accomplish the cloaking of equilateral patch antennas and their array configuration. As such, we have exploited the concept of electromagnetic invisibility, employing the mantle cloaking technique with the intention to eliminate the destructive interference ensuing between two distinct triangular patches situated in a very congested arrangement (sub-wavelength separation is maintained between the patch elements). Based on the numerous simulation results, we demonstrate that the implementation of the planar coated metasurface cloaks onto the patch antenna surfaces compels them to become invisible to each other, at the intended frequencies. In effect, an individual antenna element does not sense the presence of the other, in spite of being in a rather close vicinity. We also exhibit that the cloaks successfully reinstate the radiation attributes of each antenna in such a way that it emulates its respective performance in an isolated environment. Moreover, we have extended the cloak design to an interleaved one-dimensional array of the two patch antennas, and it is shown that the coated metasurfaces assure the efficient performance of each array in terms of their matching as well as radiation characteristics, which in turn, enables them to radiate independently for various beam-scanning angles. 

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2. Modeling and Optimization of the Steering Range of a Phased Array Antenna for Neuromodulation Applications in the Near-Field Region

   https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI52151.2023.10238083  

   Saha, Nabanita; Mahbub, Ifana (July 2023, 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI))

   This paper presents modeling and optimization of the steering range of a microstrip planar phased array antenna to steer the unidirectional near-field focused beam towards a certain direction. This antenna can be implemented in headstage-based neural stimulation system and wireless recording system for optogenetic neuromodulation applications. The proposed phased-array antenna consists of sixteen elements that are designed to provide a uniform power transmission over the 27 cm×23 cm×16 cm rat behavioral cage area. The proposed transmitter (TX) antenna implements a near-field-based wireless power transmission system operating at 2.4 GHz frequency. The phased array antenna steers the beam from -30° to 60° in the elevation plane by feeding the individual elements with different phases using four 4-bit phase shifters. A design analysis of the beam-steering approach of the phased array antenna is presented and the corresponding simulation and measurement results are included in this paper. 

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3. A V-band Phased-Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave-Based 3D Beam Steering Applications

   https://doi.org/10.1109/AP-S/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886330  

   Kakaraparty, Karthik; Roy, Sunanda; Mahbub, Ifana (September 2022, 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI))

   This paper presents a compact phased-array antenna for efficient and high-gain millimeter-wave-based 3D beam steering applications. The proposed antenna array consists of 2 × 2 unit cells and each unit cell is a sub-array comprising of 2 × 2 patch elements connected to microstrip lines that are co-fed by a single coaxial cable. Two 45° phase shifting lines are incorporated in each sub-array to facilitate the wide beamsteering range. The dimensions of the proposed phased array antenna are 24 × 24 × 0.324 mm 3 . Simulation results show that the proposed phased-array antenna has a resonating frequency at 58.4 GHz with an operational bandwidth from 50.1 GHz to 77.5 GHz along with a high gain of 26.8 dBi. The array exhibits a maximum beam steering range of 105° in the elevation plane and 195° in the azimuth plane with a gain variation less than 0.9 dBi. 

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4. Principles of adaptive element spacing in linear array antennas

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84874-7  

   Mitha, Tanzeela; Pour, Maria (December 2021, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract A novel approach to linear array antennas with adaptive inter-element spacing is presented for the first time. The main idea is based upon electronically displacing the phase center location of the antenna elements, which determine their relative coordinates in the array configuration. This is realized by employing dual-mode microstrip patch antennas as a constitutive element, whose phase center location can be displaced from its physical center by simultaneously exciting two modes. The direction and the amount of displacement is controlled by the amplitude and phase of the modes at the element level. This in turn facilitates reconfiguring the inter-element spacing at the array level. For instance, a uniformly-spaced array could be electronically transformed into a non-uniform one without any mechanical means. The proposed idea is demonstrated in two- and three-element linear antenna arrays. The technique has the potential to control the radiation characteristics such as sidelobe levels, position of the nulls, and the beamwidths in small arrays, which are useful for adaptively controlling the array performance in emerging wireless communication systems and radars. 

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5. Reinforcement Learning Based Power-Optimal Usage of Beamforming Antenna Array for Multi-Way Wireless Communication in Vehicular Traffic Environments

   Suhasini Kommarraju and Abhijit Chatterjee (August 2022, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems)

   There has been recent work on the design of antenna arrays for beamforming in dynamic evolving environments such as in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems. A key problem is that of determining how to optimally use a large antenna array to communicate with multiple spatially located vehicles in dynamically changing channel conditions with minimal co-channel interference while minimizing overall power consumption of the wireless system. We envision disjoint subsets of antennas in the array being used to direct beams concurrently to different vehicles. The number of antennas, gain and phase of each RF-chain driving an antenna are optimized dynamically using a constrained quadratic cost formulation encompassing channel quality, interference and power consumption. This quadratic optimization problem is solved using behavior constrained bandit algorithm, a reinforcement learning based technique. A gaussian kernel is used to perform data clustering of vehicle environment and resulting solutions, allowing quick bootstrapping of the bandit solver to find optimal array configurations in real-time vehicle environments. Simulation studies prove the viability of the proposed scheme. 

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