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1. The bias of a two-dimensional view: comparing two-dimensional and three-dimensional mesophyll surface area estimates using noninvasive imaging

   https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14687  

   Théroux-Rancourt, Guillaume ; Earles, J. Mason ; Gilbert, Matthew E. ; Zwieniecki, Maciej A. ; Boyce, C. Kevin ; McElrone, Andrew J. ; Brodersen, Craig R. ( September 2017 , New Phytologist)
2. s -wave contacts of quantum gases in quasi-one-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional traps

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.100.012701  

   He, Mingyuan ; Zhou, Qi ( July 2019 , Physical Review A)
3. Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrathin Multilayer Hydrogels through Layer-by-Layer Assembly

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00630  

   Kozlovskaya, Veronika ; Dolmat, Maksim ; Kharlampieva, Eugenia ( January 2022 , Langmuir)

   Stimuli-responsive multilayer hydrogels have opened new opportunities to design hierarchically organized networks with properties controlled at the nanoscale. These multilayer materials integrate structural, morphological, and compositional versatility provided by alternating layer-bylayer polymer deposition with the capability for dramatic and reversible changes in volumes upon environmental triggers, a characteristic of chemically crosslinked responsive networks. Despite their intriguing potential, there has been limited knowledge about the structure−property relationships of multilayer hydrogels, partly because of the challenges in regulating network structural organization and the limited set of the instrumental pool to resolve structure and properties at nanometer spatial resolution. This Feature Article highlights our recent studies on advancing assembly technologies, fundamentals, and applications of multilayer hydrogels. The fundamental relationships among synthetic strategies, chemical compositions, and hydrogel architectures are discussed, and their impacts on stimuli-induced volume changes, morphology, and mechanical responses are presented. We present an overview of our studies on thin multilayer hydrogel coatings, focusing on controlling and quantifying the degree of layer intermixing, which are crucial issues in the design of hydrogels with predictable properties. We also uncover the behavior of stratified “multicompartment” hydrogels in response to changes in pH and temperature. We summarize the mechanical responses of free-standing multilayer hydrogels, including planar thin coatings and films with closed geometries such as hollow microcapsules and nonhollow hydrogel microparticles with spherical and nonspherical shapes. Finally, we will showcase potential applications of pH- and temperature-sensitive multilayer hydrogels in sensing and drug delivery. The knowledge about multilayer hydrogels can advance the rational design of polymer networks with predictable and well-tunable properties, contributing to modern polymer science and broadening hydrogel applications. 

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4. Visual Assessment of 2-Dimensional Levels Within 3-Dimensional Pathology Data Sets of Prostate Needle Biopsies Reveals Substantial Spatial Heterogeneity

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100265  

   Koyuncu, Can ; Janowczyk, Andrew ; Farre, Xavier ; Pathak, Tilak ; Mirtti, Tuomas ; Fernandez, Pedro L. ; Pons, Laura ; Reder, Nicholas P. ; Serafin, Robert ; Chow, Sarah S.L. ; et al ( December 2023 , Laboratory Investigation)

   Prostate cancer prognostication largely relies on visual assessment of a few thinly sectioned biopsy specimens under a microscope to assign a Gleason grade group (GG). Unfortunately, the assigned GG is not always associated with a patient’s outcome in part because of the limited sampling of spatially heterogeneous tumors achieved by 2-dimensional histopathology. In this study, open-top light-sheet microscopy was used to obtain 3-dimensional pathology data sets that were assessed by 4 human readers. Intrabiopsy variability was assessed by asking readers to perform Gleason grading of 5 different levels per biopsy for a total of 20 core needle biopsies (ie, 100 total images). Intrabiopsy variability (Cohen k) was calculated as the worst pairwise agreement in GG between individual levels within each biopsy and found to be 0.34, 0.34, 0.38, and 0.43 for the 4 pathologists. These preliminary results reveal that even within a 1-mm-diameter needle core, GG based on 2-dimensional images can vary dramatically depending on the location within a biopsy being analyzed. We believe that morphologic assessment of whole biopsies in 3 dimension has the potential to enable more reliable and consistent tumor grading. 

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5. A three-dimensional photonic topological insulator using a two-dimensional ring resonator lattice with a synthetic frequency dimension

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2774  

   Lin, Qian ; Sun, Xiao-Qi ; Xiao, Meng ; Zhang, Shou-Cheng ; Fan, Shanhui ( October 2018 , Science Advances)

   In the development of topological photonics, achieving three-dimensional topological insulators is of notable interest since it enables the exploration of new topological physics with photons and promises novel photonic devices that are robust against disorders in three dimensions. Previous theoretical proposals toward three-dimensional topological insulators use complex geometries that are challenging to implement. On the basis of the concept of synthetic dimension, we show that a two-dimensional array of ring resonators, which was previously demonstrated to exhibit a two-dimensional topological insulator phase, automatically becomes a three-dimensional topological insulator when the frequency dimension is taken into account. Moreover, by modulating a few of the resonators, a screw dislocation along the frequency axis can be created, which provides robust one-way transport of photons along the frequency axis. Demonstrating the physics of screw dislocation in a topological system has been a substantial challenge in solid-state systems. Our work indicates that the physics of three-dimensional topological insulators can be explored in standard integrated photonic platforms, leading to opportunities for novel devices that control the frequency of light. 

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