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DTW calculates the similarity or alignment between two signals, subject to temporal warping. However, its computational complexity grows exponentially with the number of time-series. Although there have been algorithms developed that are linear in the number of time-series, they are generally quadratic in time-series length. The exception is generalized time warping (GTW), which has linear computational cost. Yet, it can only identify simple time warping functions. There is a need for a new fast, high-quality multisequence alignment algorithm. We introduce trainable time warping (TTW), whose complexity is linear in both the number and the length of time-series. TTW performs alignment in the continuoustime domain using a sinc convolutional kernel and a gradient-based optimization technique. We compare TTW and GTW on S5 UCR datasets in time-series averaging and classification. TTW outperforms GTW on 67.1% of the datasets for the averaging tasks, and 61.2% of the datasets for the classification tasks.
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Real-Time Rejection and Mitigation of Time Synchronization Attacks on the Global Positioning System
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2787581
