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1. The Prototypical Transition Metal Carbenes, (CO) ₅ Cr=CH ₂ , (CO) ₄ Fe=CH ₂ , (CO) ₃ Ni=CH ₂ , (CO) ₅ Mo=CH ₂ , (CO) ₄ Ru=CH ₂ , (CO) ₃ Pd=CH ₂ , (CO) ₅ W=CH ₂ , (CO) ₄ Os=CH ₂ , and (CO) ₃ Pt=CH ₂ : Challenge to Experiment

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05394  

   Weidman, Jared D.; Estep, Marissa L.; Schaefer, Henry F. (July 2018, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A)
2. Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Metal–CO ₂ Batteries and CO ₂ Electrolysis

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02445  

   Wang, Jianda; Marchetti, Barbara; Zhou, Xiao-Dong; Wei, Shuya (April 2023, ACS Energy Letters)
3. Effect of “X” Ligands on the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO ₂ to CO with Re(pyridylNHC-CF ₃ )(CO) ₃ X Complexes: Effect of “X” Ligands on the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO ₂ to CO with Re(pyridylNHC-CF ₃ )(CO) ₃ X Complexes

   https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202000283  

   Shirley, Hunter; Sexton, Thomas More; Liyanage, Nalaka P.; Palmer, C. Zachary; McNamara, Louis E.; Hammer, Nathan I.; Tschumper, Gregory S.; Delcamp, Jared H. (May 2020, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry)
4. Reduction-induced CO dissociation by a [Mn(bpy)(CO) ₄ ][SbF ₆ ] complex and its relevance in electrocatalytic CO ₂ reduction

   https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04150h  

   Kuo, Hsin-Ya; Tignor, Steven E.; Lee, Tia S.; Ni, Danrui; Park, James Eujin; Scholes, Gregory D.; Bocarsly, Andrew B. (January 2020, Dalton Transactions)

   [Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 Br] is recognized as a benchmark electrocatalyst for CO 2 reduction to CO, with the doubly reduced [Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 ] − proposed to be the active species in the catalytic mechanism. The reaction of this intermediate with CO 2 and two protons is expected to produce the tetracarbonyl cation, [Mn(bpy)(CO) 4 ] + , thereby closing the catalytic cycle. However, this species has not been experimentally observed. In this study, [Mn(bpy)(CO) 4 ][SbF 6 ] ( 1 ) was directly synthesized and found to be an efficient electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO 2 to CO in the presence of H 2 O. Complex 1 was characterized using X-ray crystallography as well as IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The redox activity of 1 was determined using cyclic voltammetry and compared with that of benchmark manganese complexes, e.g. , [Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 Br] ( 2 ) and [Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 (MeCN)][PF 6 ] ( 3 ). Infrared spectroscopic analyses indicated that CO dissociation occurs after a single-electron reduction of complex 1 , producing a [Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 (MeCN)] + species. Complex 1 was experimentally verified as both a precatalyst and an on-cycle intermediate in homogeneous Mn-based electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. 

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5. Kinetic Drawbacks of Combining Electrochemical CO ₂ Sorbent Reactivation with CO ₂ Absorption

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02204  

   Boualavong, Jonathan; Gorski, Christopher A (November 2023, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research)

   Electrochemical CO2 capture approaches, where electrochemical reactions control the sorbent’s CO2 affinity to drive subsequent CO2 absorption/desorption, have gained substantial attention due to their low energy demands compared to temperature-swing approaches. Typically, the process uses separate electrochemical and mass-transfer steps, producing a 4-stage (cathodic/anodic, absorption/desorption) process, but recent work proposed that these energy demands can be further reduced by combining the electrochemical and CO2 mass-transfer reactor units. Here, we used computational models to examine the practical benefit of combining electrochemical sorbent reactivation with CO2 absorption due to this combination’s implicit assumptions about the process rate and therefore, the reactor size and cost. Comparing the minimum energy demand and process time of this combined reactor to those of the separated configuration, we found that the combined absorber can reduce the energy demand by up to 67% but doing so can also increase the process time by several orders of magnitude. In contrast, optimizing the solution chemistry could benefit both the energy demand and process time simultaneously. 

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