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1. Generalized Bilinear Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Multimodal Biometric Identification

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2018.8451532  

   Soleymani, Sobhan ; Torfi, Amirsina ; Dawson, Jeremy ; Nasrabadi, Nasser M. ( October 2018 , IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP))

   In this paper, we propose to employ a bank of modality-dedicated Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), fuse, train, and optimize them together for person classification tasks. A modality-dedicated CNN is used for each modality to extract modality-specific features. We demonstrate that, rather than spatial fusion at the convolutional layers, the fusion can be performed on the outputs of the fully-connected layers of the modality-specific CNNs without any loss of performance and with significant reduction in the number of parameters. We show that, using multiple CNNs with multimodal fusion at the feature-level, we significantly outperform systems that use unimodal representation. We study weighted feature, bilinear, and compact bilinear feature-level fusion algorithms for multimodal biometric person identification. Finally, We propose generalized compact bilinear fusion algorithm to deploy both the weighted feature fusion and compact bilinear schemes. We provide the results for the proposed algorithms on three challenging databases: CMU Multi-PIE, BioCop, and BIOMDATA.
2. Classification and Feature Extraction for Hydraulic Structures Data Using Advanced CNN Architectures

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TransAI51903.2021.00032  

   Talafha, Sameerah ; Wu, Di ; Rekabdar, Banafsheh ; Li, Ruopu ; Wang, Guangxing ( September 2021 , 2021 Third International Conference on Transdisciplinary AI (TransAI))

   An efficient feature selection method can significantly boost results in classification problems. Despite ongoing improvement, hand-designed methods often fail to extract features capturing high- and mid-level representations at effective levels. In machine learning (Deep Learning), recent developments have improved upon these hand-designed methods by utilizing automatic extraction of features. Specifically, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a highly successful technique for image classification which can automatically extract features, with ongoing learning and classification of these features. The purpose of this study is to detect hydraulic structures (i.e., bridges and culverts) that are important to overland flow modeling and environmental applications. The dataset used in this work is a relatively small dataset derived from 1-m LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial imagery. The classes for our experiment consist of two groups: the ones with a bridge/culvert being present are considered "True", and those without a bridge/culvert are considered "False". In this paper, we use advanced CNN techniques, including Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs), Capsule Networks (CapsNets), and Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), to classify samples with similar topographic and spectral characteristics, an objective which is challenging utilizing traditional machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussianmore »Classifier (GC), and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The advanced CNN-based approaches combined with data pre-processing techniques (e.g., data augmenting) produced superior results. These approaches provide efficient, cost-effective, and innovative solutions to the identification of hydraulic structures.« less
3. Incremental and Approximate Computations for Accelerating Deep CNN Inference

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3397461  

   Nakandala, Supun ; Nagrecha, Kabir ; Kumar, Arun ; Papakonstantinou, Yannis ( December 2020 , ACM Transactions on Database Systems)

   Deep learning now offers state-of-the-art accuracy for many prediction tasks. A form of deep learning called deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are especially popular on image, video, and time series data. Due to its high computational cost, CNN inference is often a bottleneck in analytics tasks on such data. Thus, a lot of work in the computer architecture, systems, and compilers communities study how to make CNN inference faster. In this work, we show that by elevating the abstraction level and re-imagining CNN inference as queries , we can bring to bear database-style query optimization techniques to improve CNN inference efficiency. We focus on tasks that perform CNN inference repeatedly on inputs that are only slightly different . We identify two popular CNN tasks with this behavior: occlusion-based explanations (OBE) and object recognition in videos (ORV). OBE is a popular method for “explaining” CNN predictions. It outputs a heatmap over the input to show which regions (e.g., image pixels) mattered most for a given prediction. It leads to many re-inference requests on locally modified inputs. ORV uses CNNs to identify and track objects across video frames. It also leads to many re-inference requests. We cast such tasks in a unifiedmore »manner as a novel instance of the incremental view maintenance problem and create a comprehensive algebraic framework for incremental CNN inference that reduces computational costs. We produce materialized views of features produced inside a CNN and connect them with a novel multi-query optimization scheme for CNN re-inference. Finally, we also devise novel OBE-specific and ORV-specific approximate inference optimizations exploiting their semantics. We prototype our ideas in Python to create a tool called Krypton that supports both CPUs and GPUs. Experiments with real data and CNNs show that Krypton reduces runtimes by up to 5× (respectively, 35×) to produce exact (respectively, high-quality approximate) results without raising resource requirements.« less
4. Multimodal fusion of EEG-fNIRS: a mutual information-based hybrid classification framework

   https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.413666  

   Deligani, Roohollah Jafari ; Borgheai, Seyyed Bahram ; McLinden, John ; Shahriari, Yalda ( February 2021 , Biomedical Optics Express)

   Multimodal data fusion is one of the current primary neuroimaging research directions to overcome the fundamental limitations of individual modalities by exploiting complementary information from different modalities. Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are especially compelling modalities due to their potentially complementary features reflecting the electro-hemodynamic characteristics of neural responses. However, the current multimodal studies lack a comprehensive systematic approach to properly merge the complementary features from their multimodal data. Identifying a systematic approach to properly fuse EEG-fNIRS data and exploit their complementary potential is crucial in improving performance. This paper proposes a framework for classifying fused EEG-fNIRS data at the feature level, relying on a mutual information-based feature selection approach with respect to the complementarity between features. The goal is to optimize the complementarity, redundancy and relevance between multimodal features with respect to the class labels as belonging to a pathological condition or healthy control. Nine amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and nine controls underwent multimodal data recording during a visuo-mental task. Multiple spectral and temporal features were extracted and fed to a feature selection algorithm followed by a classifier, which selected the optimized subset of features through a cross-validation process. The results demonstrated considerably improved hybrid classificationmore »performance compared to the individual modalities and compared to conventional classification without feature selection, suggesting a potential efficacy of our proposed framework for wider neuro-clinical applications.

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5. A pilot study of the Earable device to measure facial muscle and eye movement tasks among healthy volunteers

   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000061  

   Wipperman, Matthew F. ; Pogoncheff, Galen ; Mateo, Katrina F. ; Wu, Xuefang ; Chen, Yiziying ; Levy, Oren ; Avbersek, Andreja ; Deterding, Robin R. ; Hamon, Sara C. ; Vu, Tam ; et al ( June 2022 , PLOS Digital Health)

   Li-Jessen, Nicole Yee-Key (Ed.)

   The Earable device is a behind-the-ear wearable originally developed to measure cognitive function. Since Earable measures electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and electrooculography (EOG), it may also have the potential to objectively quantify facial muscle and eye movement activities relevant in the assessment of neuromuscular disorders. As an initial step to developing a digital assessment in neuromuscular disorders, a pilot study was conducted to determine whether the Earable device could be utilized to objectively measure facial muscle and eye movements intended to be representative of Performance Outcome Assessments, (PerfOs) with tasks designed to model clinical PerfOs, referred to as mock-PerfO activities. The specific aims of this study were: To determine whether the Earable raw EMG, EOG, and EEG signals could be processed to extract features describing these waveforms; To determine Earable feature data quality, test re-test reliability, and statistical properties; To determine whether features derived from Earable could be used to determine the difference between various facial muscle and eye movement activities; and, To determine what features and feature types are important for mock-PerfO activity level classification. A total of N = 10 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each study participant performed 16 mock-PerfOs activities, including talking, chewing, swallowing, eyemore »closure, gazing in different directions, puffing cheeks, chewing an apple, and making various facial expressions. Each activity was repeated four times in the morning and four times at night. A total of 161 summary features were extracted from the EEG, EMG, and EOG bio-sensor data. Feature vectors were used as input to machine learning models to classify the mock-PerfO activities, and model performance was evaluated on a held-out test set. Additionally, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to classify low-level representations of the raw bio-sensor data for each task, and model performance was correspondingly evaluated and compared directly to feature classification performance. The model’s prediction accuracy on the Earable device’s classification ability was quantitatively assessed. Study results indicate that Earable can potentially quantify different aspects of facial and eye movements and may be used to differentiate mock-PerfO activities. Specially, Earable was found to differentiate talking, chewing, and swallowing tasks from other tasks with observed F1 scores >0.9. While EMG features contribute to classification accuracy for all tasks, EOG features are important for classifying gaze tasks. Finally, we found that analysis with summary features outperformed a CNN for activity classification. We believe Earable may be used to measure cranial muscle activity relevant for neuromuscular disorder assessment. Classification performance of mock-PerfO activities with summary features enables a strategy for detecting disease-specific signals relative to controls, as well as the monitoring of intra-subject treatment responses. Further testing is needed to evaluate the Earable device in clinical populations and clinical development settings.« less