An official website of the United States government
ABSTRACT The utility of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a high‐frequency rheometer operating at 15 MHz was demonstrated. High‐frequency data obtained from a series of rubbery materials were compared with results obtained from traditional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at much lower frequencies. The high‐frequency data enable meaningful shift factors to be obtained at temperatures much further above glass‐transition temperature (Tg) than would otherwise be possible, giving a more complete picture of the temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties. The QCM can also be used to quantify mass uptake and changes in viscoelastic properties during sample oxidation. The viscoelastic response spanning the full range of behaviors from the rubber to glassy regimes was found to fit well with a six‐element model consisting of three power‐law springpot elements. One of these elements is particularly sensitive to the behavior in the transition regime where the phase angle is maximized. The value of this quantity is obtained from the maximum phase angle, which can be obtained from a temperature sweep at fixed frequency, proving a means for more detailed frequency‐dependent rheometric information to be obtained from a fixed‐frequency measurement at a range of temperatures. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2019,57, 1246–1254
more »
« less
Designing a New Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) System for Testing Viscoelastic Materials at High Frequencies
The aim of this study is to design a new dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurement system that can operate for shear tests at frequencies as high as 10 kHz with strain amplitudes sufficient for viscoelastic materials operating in high-frequency deformation applications, such as tire rubbers. The available DMA systems in market cannot effectively operate for accurate and direct measurement of viscoelastic material properties for applications dealing with high-frequency deformation of materials. Due to this, the available DMA systems are used for indirect measurements at low frequencies and low temperatures, followed by using time-temperature superposition principle to predict the properties at high frequencies. The goal of this study is to make the range of the test broad enough to eliminate the use of the time-temperature superposition principle in the determination of properties of viscoelastic materials. Direct measurement of viscoelastic material properties and increasing the accuracy of results are the main motivations to design a new DMA system. For this purpose, the state-of-the-art technologies to achieve high frequencies and strain amplitudes as well as instrumentation and control of the system are studied. The design process is presented in this paper.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1650423
- PAR ID:
- 10092774
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Modelling and Simulation in Engineering
- Volume:
- 2019
- ISSN:
- 1687-5591
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1 to 9
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
This article presents a utilization of viscoelastic damping to reduce control system complexity for strain-actuated solar array (SASA) based spacecraft attitude control systems (ACSs). SASA utilizes intelligent structures for attitude control, and is a promising next-generation spacecraft ACS technology with the potential to achieve unprecedented levels of pointing accuracy and jitter reduction during key scientific observation periods. The current state-of-the-art SASA implementation utilizes piecewise modeling of distributed piezoelectric (PZT) actuators, resulting in a monolithic structure with the potential for enhanced ACS reliability. PZT actuators can operate at high frequencies, which enables active vibration damping to achieve ultra-quiet operation for sensitive instruments. Relying on active damping alone, however, requires significant control system complexity, which has so far limited adoption of intelligent structures in spacecraft control systems. Here we seek to understand how to modify passive system design in strategic ways to reduce control system complexity while maintaining high performance. An integrated physical and control system design (codesign) optimization strategy is employed to ensure system-optimal performance, and to help understand design coupling between passive physical aspects of design and active control system design. In this study, we present the possibility of utilizing viscoelastic material distributed throughout the SASA substructure to provide tailored passive damping, intending to reduce control system complexity. At this early phase of study, the effect of temperature variation on material behavior is not considered; the study focuses instead on the design coupling between distributed material and control systems. The spatially-distributed design of both elastic and viscoelastic material in the SASA substructure is considered in an integrated manner. An approximate model is used that balances predictive accuracy and computational efficiency. This model approximates the distributed compliant SASA structure using a series of rigid links connected by generalized torsional springs and dampers. This multi-link pseudo-rigid-body dynamic model (PRBDM) with lumped viscoelastic damping models is derived, and is used in numerical co-design studies to quantify the tradeoffs and benefits of using distributed passive damping to reduce the complexity of SASA control systems.more » « less
-
Modern materials design strategies take advantage of the increasing amount of materials property data available and increasingly complex algorithms to take advantage of those data. However, viscoelastic materials resist this trend towards increased data rates due to their inherent time-dependent properties. Therefore, viscoelasticity measurements present a roadblock for data collection in an important aspect of material design. For thermorheologically simple (TRS) materials, time–temperature superposition (TTS) made relaxation spectrum measurements faster relative to, for example, very long creep experiments. However, TTS itself currently faces a speed limit originating in the common logarithmic discrete frequency sweep (DFS) mode of operation. In DFS, the measurement time is proportional (by a factor much greater than one) to the lowest frequency of measurement. This state of affairs has not improved for TTS for half a century or more. We utilize recent work in experimental rheometry on windowed chirps to collect three decades of complex modulus data simultaneously, resulting in aB500% increase in data collection. In BOTTS, we superpose several isothermal chirp responses to produce a master curve in a fraction of time required by the traditional DFS-TTS technique. The chirp responses have good, albeit nontrivial, signal-to-noise properties. We use linear error propagation and a noise-weighted least squares approach to automatically incorporate all the data into a reliable shifting method. Using model thermoset polymers, we show that DFS- TTS and BOTTS results are comparable, and therefore BOTTS data represent a first step towards a faster method for master curve generation from unmodified rheological measurement instrumentsmore » « less
-
Accurate determination of high strain rate (>103 1/s) constitutive properties of soft materials remains a formidable challenge. Albeit recent advancements among experimental techniques, in particular inertial microcavitation rheometry (IMR), the intrinsic requirement to visualize the bubble cavitation dynamics has limited its application to nominally transparent materials. Here, in an effort to address this challenge and to expand the experimental capability of IMR to optically opaque materials, we investigated whether one could use the acoustic signature of the time interval between the bubble's maximum radius and first collapse time point, characterized as the bubble collapse time, to infer the viscoelastic material properties without being able to image the bubble directly in the tissue. By introducing a modified Rayleigh collapse time for soft materials, which is strongly dependent on the stiffness of the material at hand, we show that, in principle, one can obtain an order of magnitude or better estimate of the viscoelastic material properties of the soft material under investigation. Using a newly developed energy-based theoretical framework, we show that for materials stiffer than 10 kPa the bubble collapse time during a single bubble cavitation event can provide quantitative and meaningful information about the constitutive properties of the material at hand. For very soft materials (i.e., shear modulus less than 10 kPa), our theory shows that unless the collapse time measurement has very high precision and low uncertainties, the material property estimates based on the bubble collapse time only will not be accurate and require visual resolution of the full cavitation kinematics.more » « less
-
Materials that exhibit yielding behavior are used in many applications, from spreadable foods and cosmetics to direct write three-dimensional printing inks and filled rubbers. Their key design feature is the ability to transition behaviorally from solid to fluid under sufficient load or deformation. Despite its widespread applications, little is known about the dynamics of yielding in real processes, as the nonequilibrium nature of the transition impedes understanding. We demonstrate an iteratively punctuated rheological protocol that combines strain-controlled oscillatory shear with stress-controlled recovery tests. This technique provides an experimental decomposition of recoverable and unrecoverable strains, allowing for solid-like and fluid-like contributions to a yield stress material’s behavior to be separated in a time-resolved manner. Using this protocol, we investigate the overshoot in loss modulus seen in materials that yield. We show that this phenomenon is caused by the transition from primarily solid-like, viscoelastic dissipation in the linear regime to primarily fluid-like, plastic flow at larger amplitudes. We compare and contrast this with a viscoelastic liquid with no yielding behavior, where the contribution to energy dissipation from viscous flow dominates over the entire range of amplitudes tested.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7026267
