Abstract Neurofilaments are abundant space-filling cytoskeletal polymers that are transported into and along axons. During postnatal development, these polymers accumulate in myelinated axons causing an expansion of axon caliber, which is necessary for rapid electrical transmission. Studies on cultured nerve cells have shown that axonal neurofilaments move rapidly and intermittently along microtubule tracks in both anterograde and retrograde directions. However, it is unclear whether neurofilament transport is also bidirectional in vivo . Here, we describe a pulse-spread fluorescence photoactivation method to address this in peripheral nerves dissected from hThy1-paGFP-NFM transgenic mice, which express a photoactivatable fluorescent neurofilament protein. Neurofilaments were photoactivated in short segments of myelinated axons in tibial nerves at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age. The proximal and distal spread of the fluorescence due to the movement of the fluorescent neurofilaments was measured over time. We show that the directional bias and velocity of neurofilament transport can be calculated from these measurements. The directional bias was ∼60% anterograde and 40% retrograde and did not change significantly with age or distance along the nerve. The net velocity decreased with age and distance along the nerve, which is consistent with previous studies using radioisotopic pulse labeling. This decrease in velocity was caused by a decrease in both anterograde and retrograde movement. Thus, neurofilament transport is bidirectional in vivo , with a significant fraction of the filaments moving retrogradely in both juvenile and adult mice.
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Axonal neurofilaments exhibit frequent and complex folding behaviors
Neurofilaments are flexible cytoskeletal polymers that are capable of folding and unfolding between their bouts of bidirectional movement along axons. Here we present a detailed characterization of this behavior in cultured neurons using kymograph analysis with approximately 30 ms temporal resolution. We analyzed 781 filaments ranging from 0.6‐42 µm in length. We observed complex behaviors including pinch folds, hairpin folds, orientation changes (flips), and occasional severing and annealing events. On average, the filaments spent approximately 40% of their time in some sort of folded configuration. A small proportion of filaments (4%) moved while folded, but most (96%) moved in an outstretched configuration. Collectively, our observations suggest that motors may interact with neurofilaments at multiple points along their length, but preferentially at their ends. In addition, the prevalence of neurofilament folding and the tendency of neurofilaments to straighten out when they move, suggest that an important function of the movement of these polymers in axons may be to maintain them in an outstretched and longitudinally co‐aligned configuration. Thus, neurofilament movement may function as much to organize these polymers as to move them, and this could explain why they spend so much time engaged in apparently unproductive bidirectional movement.
more » « less- Award ID(s):
- 1656784
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10103202
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Cytoskeleton
- Volume:
- 75
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 1949-3584
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- p. 258-280
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Studies in cultured neurons have shown that neurofilaments are cargoes of axonal transport that move rapidly but intermittently along microtubule tracks. However, the extent to which axonal neurofilaments move
in vivo has been controversial. Some researchers have proposed that most axonally transported neurofilaments are deposited into a persistently stationary network and that only a small proportion of axonal neurofilaments are transported in mature axons. Here we use the fluorescence photoactivation pulse-escape technique to test this hypothesis in intact peripheral nerves of adult malehThy1-paGFP-NFM mice, which express low levels of mouse neurofilament protein M tagged with photoactivatable GFP. Neurofilaments were photoactivated in short segments of large, myelinated axons, and the mobility of these fluorescently tagged polymers was determined by analyzing the kinetics of their departure. Our results show that >80% of the fluorescence departed the window within 3 h after activation, indicating a highly mobile neurofilament population. The movement was blocked by glycolytic inhibitors, confirming that it was an active transport process. Thus, we find no evidence for a substantial stationary neurofilament population. By extrapolation of the decay kinetics, we predict that 99% of the neurofilaments would have exited the activation window after 10 h. These data support a dynamic view of the neuronal cytoskeleton in which neurofilaments cycle repeatedly between moving and pausing states throughout their journey along the axon, even in mature myelinated axons. The filaments spend a large proportion of their time pausing, but on a timescale of hours, most of them move. -
Mogilner, Alex (Ed.)Neurofilaments are abundant space-filling cytoskeletal polymers in axons that are transported along microtubule tracks. Neurofilament transport is accelerated at nodes of Ranvier, where axons are locally constricted. Strikingly, these constrictions are accompanied by sharp decreases in neurofilament number, no decreases in microtubule number, and increases in the packing density of these polymers, which collectively bring nodal neurofilaments closer to their microtubule tracks. We hypothesize that this leads to an increase in the proportion of time that the filaments spend moving and that this can explain the local acceleration. To test this, we developed a stochastic model of neurofilament transport that tracks their number, kinetic state, and proximity to nearby microtubules in space and time. The model assumes that the probability of a neurofilament moving is dependent on its distance from the nearest available microtubule track. Taking into account experimentally reported numbers and densities for neurofilaments and microtubules in nodes and internodes, we show that the model is sufficient to explain the local acceleration of neurofilaments within nodes of Ranvier. This suggests that proximity to microtubule tracks may be a key regulator of neurofilament transport in axons, which has implications for the mechanism of neurofilament accumulation in development and disease.more » « less
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Mogilner, Alex (Ed.)The cross-sectional area of myelinated axons increases greatly during postnatal development in mammals and is an important influence on axonal conduction velocity. This radial growth is driven primarily by an accumulation of neurofilaments, which are cytoskeletal polymers that serve a space-filling function in axons. Neurofilaments are assembled in the neuronal cell body and transported into axons along microtubule tracks. The maturation of myelinated axons is accompanied by an increase in neurofilament gene expression and a decrease in neurofilament transport velocity, but the relative contributions of these processes to the radial growth are not known. Here, we address this question by computational modeling of the radial growth of myelinated motor axons during postnatal development in rats. We show that a single model can explain the radial growth of these axons in a manner consistent with published data on axon caliber, neurofilament and microtubule densities, and neurofilament transport kinetics in vivo. We find that the increase in the cross-sectional area of these axons is driven primarily by an increase in the influx of neurofilaments at early times and by a slowing of neurofilament transport at later times. We show that the slowing can be explained by a decline in the microtubule density.more » « less
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Abstract We have used kymograph analysis combined with edge detection and an automated computational algorithm to analyze the axonal transport kinetics of neurofilament polymers in cultured neurons at 30 ms temporal resolution. We generated 301 kymographs from 136 movies and analyzed 726 filaments ranging from 0.6 to 42 µm in length, representing ∼37,000 distinct moving and pausing events. We found that the movement is even more intermittent than previously reported and that the filaments undergo frequent, often transient, reversals which suggest that they can engage simultaneously with both anterograde and retrograde motors. Average anterograde and retrograde bout velocities (0.9 and 1.2 µm s−1, respectively) were faster than previously reported, with maximum sustained bout velocities of up to 6.6 and 7.8 µm s−1, respectively. Average run lengths (∼1.1 µm) and run times (∼1.4 s) were in the range reported for molecular motor processivity in vitro, suggesting that the runs could represent the individual processive bouts of the neurofilament motors. Notably, we found no decrease in run velocity, run length or run time with increasing filament length, which suggests that either the drag on the moving filaments is negligible or that longer filaments recruit more motors.
