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1. Mechanical loading disrupts osteocyte plasma membranes which initiates mechanosensation events in bone: MEMBRANE DISRUPTION FOR OSTEOCYTE MECHANOSENSATION

   https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23665  

   Yu, Kanglun; Sellman, David P.; Bahraini, Anoosh; Hagan, Mackenzie L.; Elsherbini, Ahmed; Vanpelt, Kayce T.; Marshall, Peyton L.; Hamrick, Mark W.; McNeil, Anna; McNeil, Paul L.; et al (August 2017, Journal of Orthopaedic Research)
2. Osteocyte lacunar strain determination using multiscale finite element analysis

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100277  

   Kola, Sravan K.; Begonia, Mark T.; Tiede-Lewis, LeAnn M.; Laughrey, Loretta E.; Dallas, Sarah L.; Johnson, Mark L.; Ganesh, Thiagarajan (June 2020, Bone Reports)

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3. FLUID FLOW IN THE OSTEOCYTE ENVIRONMENT: A PARAMETRIC STUDY

   De Paolis, Annalisa; Jeong, Samuel; Cardoso, Luis; Carriero, Alessandra (January 2019, European Society of Biomechanics)
4. Fluid flow in the osteocyte environment: a parametric study

   De Paolis, A; Jeong, S; Cardoso, L; Carriero, A. (July 2019, 2019 European Society of Biomechanics International Meeting)

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5. Cholinergic regulation of osteocyte mechanobiology: A paradigm for bone adaptation

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads9720  

   Mora-Antoinette, Macy; Garcia-Ortiz, Andrea; Obaji, Mariam; Saffari, Alexander; Matthews, Melia D; Wasi, Murtaza; Lewis, Karl J (August 2025, Science Advances)

   Recent evidence suggests that acetylcholine has a positive influence on bone mechanotransduction. Osteocytes express components for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are known for mediating calcium signaling and may affect mechanosensitivity. Here, we use fluorescent imaging approaches to provide evidence of close spatial association between osteocytes and cholinergic nerve fibers in cortical bone in vivo. Moreover, we show that osteocytes are responsive to cholinergic signaling, influencing bone mechanoadaptation. We report sexually dimorphic patterns in bone structure and mechanobiology based on nAChR function. In females, osteocyte mechanosensitivity was decreased at small force magnitudes and tissue level deficits were recovered with anabolic loading. In males, osteocyte mechanosensitivity was increased in some groups and anabolic loading had very little effect on overall tissue architecture. This work establishes a previously unidentified paradigm wherein osteocytes interface with cholinergic nerves and bone mechanotransduction is regulated by osteocyte cholinergic signaling in a sexually dimorphic way. 

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