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1. Addressing the range anxiety of battery electric vehicles with charging en route

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08942-2  

   Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Parker, Robert; Hoque, Tamzidul; Cruz, Jonathan; Du, Lili; Wang, Shuo; Bhunia, Swarup (December 2022, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles due to benefits in improved fuel economy, lower operating cost, and reduced emission. BEVs use electric motors rather than fossil fuels for propulsion and typically store electric energy in lithium-ion cells. With rising concerns over fossil fuel depletion and the impact of ICE vehicles on the climate, electric mobility is widely considered as the future of sustainable transportation. BEVs promise to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the transportation sector. However, mass adoption of BEVs faces major barriers due to consumer worries over several important battery-related issues, such as limited range, long charging time, lack of charging stations, and high initial cost. Existing solutions to overcome these barriers, such as building more charging stations, increasing battery capacity, and stationary vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging, often suffer from prohibitive investment costs, incompatibility to existing BEVs, or long travel delays. In this paper, we propose P eer-to- P eer C ar C harging (P2C2), a scalable approach for charging BEVs that alleviates the need for elaborate charging infrastructure. The central idea is to enable BEVs to share charge among each other while in motion through coordination with a cloud-based control system. To re-vitalize a BEV fleet, which is continuously in motion, we introduce Mobile Charging Stations (MoCS), which are high-battery-capacity vehicles used to replenish the overall charge in a vehicle network. Unlike existing V2V charging solutions, the charge sharing in P2C2 takes place while the BEVs are in-motion, which aims at minimizing travel time loss. To reduce BEV-to-BEV contact time without increasing manufacturing costs, we propose to use multiple batteries of varying sizes and charge transfer rates. The faster but smaller batteries are used for charge transfer between vehicles, while the slower but larger ones are used for prolonged charge storage. We have designed the overall P2C2 framework and formalized the decision-making process of the cloud-based control system. We have evaluated the effectiveness of P2C2 using a well-characterized simulation platform and observed dramatic improvement in BEV mobility. Additionally, through statistical analysis, we show that a significant reduction in carbon emission is also possible if MoCS can be powered by renewable energy sources. 

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2. Control and Loss Analysis of a Solid State Transformer Based DC Extreme Fast Charger

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC51675.2021.9490062  

   Jean-Pierre, Garry; Beheshtaein, Siavash; Altin, Necmi; Nasiri, Adel (June 2021, 2021 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo)

   The increasing demand for electric vehicles, due to advantages such as higher energy efficiency, lower fuel costs, and less vehicle maintenance, is expected to drive the need for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Due to their reduced size and weight, high power and scalable compact solid state transformers (SST) are growing in popularity. This study presents the total loss analysis and control design for a direct grid connected single-phase SST for a fast charging station. A control strategy to achieve robust current control, DC voltage and power balancing, and power loss minimization (PLM) is implemented for this system. Detailed analyses and simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are given to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control techniques. 

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3. Greening Electric Bike Sharing Using Solar Charging Stations

   https://doi.org/10.1145/3408308.3427621  

   Wamburu, John; Raff, Christopher; Irwin, David; Shenoy, Prashant (November 2020, Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation (BuildSys))

   null (Ed.)

   Electric bikes have emerged as a popular form of transportation for short trips in dense urban areas and are being increasingly adopted by bike share programs for easy accessibility to riders. Motivated by the rising popularity of electric bikes, a form of an electric vehicle, we study the research question of how to design a zero-carbon electric bike share system. Specifically we study the challenges in designing solar charging stations for electric bike systems that enable either net-zero or a fully zero-carbon operation. We design a prototype two bike solar charging station to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Using insights and data from our prototype solar charging station, we then conduct a data driven analysis of the costs and benefits of converting an entire bike system into one powered using solar charging stations. Using empirical analysis, we determine the panel and battery capacity for each station, and perform a feasibility evaluation of the system using 8 months of ridership data. Our results show that equipping each bike station with a single grid-tied solar panel is adequate to meet the annual charging demand from electric bikes and achieve net-zero operation using net-metering. For an off-grid setup, our analysis shows that a bike station needs twice as many solar panels, on average, along with a 1.8kWh battery, with the busiest bike station needing 6× more solar capacity than in the net-metering case. Our analysis also reveals a tradeoff between the array size and the battery size needed to achieve true-zero carbon operation for the electric bike share system. 

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4. PV to Vehicle, PV to Grid, Vehicle to Grid, and Grid to Vehicle Micro Grid System Using Level Three Charging Station

   https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenTech52845.2022.9772041  

   Balal, Afshin; Giesselmann, Michael (March 2022, 2022 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech))

   This paper makes use of electric vehicles (EVs) that are simultaneously connected to the Photovoltaic Cells (PV) and the power grid. In micro-grids, batteries of the electric vehicles (EVs) used as a source of power to feed the power grid in the peak demands of electricity. EVs can help regulation of the power grid by storing excess solar energy and returning it to the grid during high demand hours. This paper proposes a new architecture of micro-grids by using a rooftop solar system, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), grid connected inverters, a boost converter, a bidirectional half-bridge converter, output filter, including L, LC, or LCL, and transformers. The main parts of this micro-grid are illustrated and modeled, as well as a simulation of their operation. In addition, simulation results explore the charging and discharging scenarios of the BEVs. 

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5. Frequency Regulation with Heterogeneous Energy Resources: A Realization using Distributed Control

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3071778  

   Anderson, Tor; Muralidharan, Manasa; Srivastava, Priyank; Haghi, Hamed Valizadeh; Cortes, Jorge; Kleissl, Jan; Martinez, Sonia; Washom, Byron (January 2021, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid)

   null (Ed.)

   This paper presents one of the first real-life demonstrations of coordinated and distributed resource control for secondary frequency response in a power distribution grid. A series of tests involved up to 69 heterogeneous active distributed energy resources consisting of air handling units, unidirectional and bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations, a battery energy storage system, and 107 passive distributed energy resources consisting of building loads and solar photovoltaic systems. The distributed control setup consists of a set of Raspberry Pi end-points exchanging messages via an ethernet switch. Actuation commands for the distributed energy resources are obtained by solving a power allocation problem at every regulation instant using distributed ratio-consensus, primal-dual, and Newton-like algorithms. The problem formulation minimizes the sum of distributed energy resource costs while tracking the aggregate setpoint provided by the system operator. We demonstrate accurate and fast real-time distributed computation of the optimization solution and effective tracking of the regulation signal over 40 min time horizons. An economic benefit analysis confirms eligibility to participate in an ancillary services market and demonstrates up to $53k of potential annual revenue for the selected population of distributed energy resources. 

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