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   Merrill, Laura C.; Ford, Hunter O.; Schaefer, Jennifer L. (August 2019, ACS Applied Energy Materials)
2. Magnesium Polymer Electrolytes Based on the Polycarbonate Poly(2-butyl-2-ethyltrimethylene-carbonate)

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   Sundermann, David A.; Park, Bumjun; Hirschberg, Valerian; Schaefer, Jennifer L.; Théato, Patrick (June 2023, ACS Omega)
3. Ion Coordination and Transport in Magnesium Polymer Electrolytes Based on Polyester-co-Polycarbonate

   https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9895403  

   Park, Bumjun; Andersson, Rassmus; Pate, Sarah G; Liu, Jiacheng; O’Brien, Casey P; Hernández, Guiomar; Mindemark, Jonas; Schaefer, Jennifer L (January 2021, Energy Material Advances)

   Magnesium-ion-conducting solid polymer electrolytes have been studied for rechargeable Mg metal batteries, one of the beyond-Li-ion systems. In this paper, magnesium polymer electrolytes with magnesium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (Mg(TFSI)₂) salt in poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PCL-PTMC) were investigated and compared with the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) analogs. Both thermal properties and vibrational spectroscopy indicated that the total ion conduction in the PEO electrolytes was dominated by the anion conduction due to strong polymer coordination with fully dissociated Mg²⁺. On the other hand, in PCL-PTMC electrolytes, there is relatively weaker polymer–cation coordination and increased anion–cation coordination. Sporadic Mg- and F-rich particles were observed on the Cu electrodes after polarization tests in Cu|Mg cells with PCL-PTMC electrolyte, suggesting that Mg was conducted in the ion complex form (Mg_xTFSI_y) to the copper working electrode to be reduced which resulted in anion decomposition. However, the Mg metal deposition/stripping was not favorable with either Mg(TFSI)₂in PCL-PTMC or Mg(TFSI)₂in PEO, which inhibited quantitative analysis of magnesium conduction. A remaining challenge is thus to accurately assess transport numbers in these systems. 

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4. Polymer and composite electrolytes

   https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2018.212  

   Hallinan, Daniel T.; Villaluenga, Irune; Balsara, Nitash P. (October 2018, MRS Bulletin)

   Solid inorganic and polymeric electrolytes have the potential to enable rechargeable batteries with higher energy densities, compared to current lithium-ion technology, which uses liquid electrolyte. Inorganic materials such as ceramics and glasses conduct lithium ions well, but they are brittle, which makes incorporation into a battery difficult. Polymers have the flexibility for facile use in a battery, but their transport properties tend to be inferior to inorganics. Thus, there is growing interest in composite electrolytes with inorganic and organic phases in intimate contact. This article begins with a discussion of ion transport in single-phase electrolytes. A dimensionless number (the Newman number) is presented for quantifying the efficacy of electrolytes. An effective medium framework for predicting transport properties of composite electrolytes containing only one conducting phase is then presented. The opportunities and challenges presented by composite electrolytes containing two conducting phases are addressed. Finally, the importance and status of reaction kinetics at the interfaces between solid electrolytes and electrodes are covered, using a lithium-metal electrode as an example. 

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5. Polymer and composite electrolytes

   Hallinan*, D. T.; Villaluenga, I.; Balsara*, N. P. (January 2018, MRS bulletin)