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The exceptionally large population size and cosmopolitan biogeographic distribution that distinguish many – but not all – marine zooplankton species generate similarly exceptional patterns of population genetic and genomic diversity and structure. The phylogenetic diversity of zooplankton has slowed the application of population genomic approaches, due to lack of genomic resources for closelyrelated species and diversity of genomic architecture, including highly-replicated genomes of many crustaceans. Use of numerous genomic markers, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is transforming our ability to analyze population genetics and connectivity of marine zooplankton, and providing new understanding and different answers than earlier analyses, which typically used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Population genomic approaches have confirmed that, despite high dispersal potential, many zooplankton species exhibit genetic structuring among geographic populations, especially at large ocean-basin scales, and have revealed patterns and pathways of population connectivity that do not always track ocean circulation. Genomic and transcriptomic resources are critically needed to allow further examination of micro-evolution and local adaptation, including identification of genes that show evidence of selection. These new tools will also enable further examination of the significance of small-scale genetic heterogeneity of marine zooplankton, to discriminate genetic “noise” in large and patchy populations from local adaptation to environmental conditions and change.
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Adaptation Without Boundaries: Population Genomics in Marine Systems
From the surface, the world’s oceans appear vast and boundless. Ocean currents, which can transport marine organisms thousands of kilometers, coupled with species that spend some or all of their life in the pelagic zone, the open sea, highlight the potential for well-mixed, panmictic marine populations. Yet these ocean habitats do harbor boundaries. In this largely three-dimensional marine environment, gradients form boundaries. These gradients include temperature, salinity, and oxygen gradients. Ocean currents also form boundaries between neighboring water masses even as they can break through barriers by transporting organisms huge distances. With the advent of next-generation sequencing approaches, which allow us to easily generate a large number of genomic markers, we are in an unprecedented position to study the effects of these potential oceanic boundaries and can ask how often and when do locally adapted marine populations evolve. This knowledge will inform our understanding of how marine organisms respond to climate change and affect how we protect marine diversity. In this chapter I first discuss the major boundaries present in the marine environment and the implications they have for marine organisms. Next, I discuss the how genomic approaches are impacting our understanding of genetic connectivity, ocean fisheries, and local adaptation, including the potential for epigenetic adaptation. I conclude with considerations for marine conservation and management and future prospects.
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- PAR ID:
- 10147609
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Population Genomics
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/13836_2018_32
