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1. Cultures as types and the utility of viable specimens for fungal nomenclature

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-024-00155-8  

   Yurkov, Andrey; Visagie, Cobus M; Crous, Pedro W; Hashimoto, Akira; Baschien, Christiane; Begerow, Dominik; Kemler, Martin; Schoutteten, Nathan; Stadler, Marc; Wijayawardene, Nalin N; et al (December 2024, IMA Fungus)

   Abstract The debates over the requirement ofthe International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(ICNafp) for a viable specimen to represent the name-bearing type material for a species or infraspecific taxon have a long history. Taxonomy of fungi commonly studied as living cultures exemplified by yeasts and moulds, strongly depend on viable reference material. The availability of viable cultures is also particularly useful for several groups of filamentous and dimorphic fungi. While the preservation of metabolically inactive cultures is permitted and recommended by the ICNafp, there is room for improvement. Below, we review the history and current status of cultures as the name-bearing type material under theCode. We also present a roadmap with tasks to be achieved in order to establish a stable nomenclatural system that properly manages taxa typified by viable specimens. Furthermore, we propose setting up rules and defining the nomenclatural status of ex-type cultures under Chapter F, the section of the ICNafp that includes provisions specific to names of fungi. 

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2. Finding life’s missing pieces

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-017-0048-8  

   Solden, Lindsey M; Wrighton, Kelly C (November 2017, Nature Microbiology)

   TBD (Ed.)

   The Uncultivated Bacteria and Archaea dataset is a foundational collection of 7,903 genomes from uncultivated microorganisms. It highlights how microbial diversity is readily recovered using current tools and existing metagenomic datasets to help piece together the tree of life. 

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3. A genomic catalog of Earth’s microbiomes

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6  

   Nayfach, Stephen; Roux, Simon; Seshadri, Rekha; Udwary, Daniel; Varghese, Neha; Schulz, Frederik; Wu, Dongying; Paez-Espino, David; Chen, I-Min; Huntemann, Marcel; et al (November 2020, Nature Biotechnology)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth’s continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and natural and agricultural soils, to capture extant microbial, metabolic and functional potential. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. The catalog expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea by 44% and is broadly available for streamlined comparative analyses, interactive exploration, metabolic modeling and bulk download. We demonstrate the utility of this collection for understanding secondary-metabolite biosynthetic potential and for resolving thousands of new host linkages to uncultivated viruses. This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes. 

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4. Archaeal roots of intramembrane aspartyl protease siblings signal peptide peptidase and presenilin

   https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.26009  

   Raut, Priyam; Glass, Jennifer B.; Lieberman, Raquel L. (October 2020, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics)

   Abstract Signal peptides help newly synthesized proteins reach the cell membrane or be secreted. As part of a biological process key to immune response and surveillance in humans, and associated with diseases, for example, Alzheimer, remnant signal peptides and other transmembrane segments are proteolyzed by the intramembrane aspartyl protease (IAP) enzyme family. Here, we identified IAP orthologs throughout the tree of life. In addition to eukaryotes, IAPs are encoded in metabolically diverse archaea from a wide range of environments. We found three distinct clades of archaeal IAPs: (a)Euryarchaeota(eg, halophilicHalobacteriales, methanogenicMethanosarcinalesandMethanomicrobiales, marinePoseidoniales, acidophilicThermoplasmatales, hyperthermophilicArchaeoglobusspp.), (b) DPANN, and (c)Bathyarchaeota,Crenarchaeota, andAsgard. IAPs were also present in bacterial genomes from uncultivated members of Candidate Phylum Radiation, perhaps due to horizontal gene transfer from DPANN archaeal lineages. Sequence analysis of the catalytic motif YD…GXGD (where X is any amino acid) in IAPs from archaea and bacteria reveals WD inLokiarchaeotaand many residue types in the X position. Gene neighborhood analysis in halophilic archaea shows IAP genes near corrinoid transporters (btuCDFgenes). In marineEuryarchaeota, a putative BtuF‐like domain is found in N‐terminus of the IAP gene, suggesting a role for these IAPs in metal ion cofactor or other nutrient scavenging. Interestingly, eukaryotic IAP family members appear to have evolved either fromEuryarchaeotaor fromAsgardarchaea. Taken together, our phylogenetic and bioinformatics analysis should prompt experiments to probe the biological roles of IAPs in prokaryotic secretomes. 

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5. Ribosomal Protein Cluster Organization in Asgard Archaea

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5512414  

   Tirumalai, Madhan R; Sivaraman, Raghavan V; Kutty, Layla A; Song, Eric L; Fox, George E (September 2023, Archaea)

   Spring, Stefan (Ed.)

   It has been proposed that the superphylum of Asgard Archaea may represent a historical link between the Archaea and Eukarya. Following the discovery of the Archaea, it was soon appreciated that archaeal ribosomes were more similar to those of Eukarya rather than Bacteria. Coupled with other eukaryotic-like features, it has been suggested that the Asgard Archaea may be directly linked to eukaryotes. However, the genomes of Bacteria and non-Asgard Archaea generally organize ribosome-related genes into clusters that likely function as operons. In contrast, eukaryotes typically do not employ an operon strategy. To gain further insight into conservation of the r-protein genes, the genome order of conserved ribosomal protein (r-protein) coding genes was identified in 17 Asgard genomes (thirteen complete genomes and four genomes with less than 20 contigs) and compared with those found previously in non-Asgard archaeal and bacterial genomes. A universal core of two clusters of 14 and 4 cooccurring r-proteins, respectively, was identified in both the Asgard and non-Asgard Archaea. The equivalent genes in the E. coli version of the cluster are found in the S10 and spc operons. The large cluster of 14 r-protein genes (uS19-uL22-uS3-uL29-uS17 from the S10 operon and uL14-uL24-uL5-uS14-uS8-uL6-uL18-uS5-uL30-uL15 from the spc operon) occurs as a complete set in the genomes of thirteen Asgard genomes (five Lokiarchaeotes, three Heimdallarchaeotes, one Odinarchaeote, and four Thorarchaeotes). Four less conserved clusters with partial bacterial equivalents were found in the Asgard. These were the L30e (str operon in Bacteria) cluster, the L18e (alpha operon in Bacteria) cluster, the S24e-S27ae-rpoE1 cluster, and the L31e, L12..L1 cluster. Finally, a new cluster referred to as L7ae was identified. In many cases, r-protein gene clusters/operons are less conserved in their organization in the Asgard group than in other Archaea. If this is generally true for nonribosomal gene clusters, the results may have implications for the history of genome organization. In particular, there may have been an early transition to or from the operon approach to genome organization. Other nonribosomal cellular features may support different relationships. For this reason, it may be important to consider ribosome features separately. 

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