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1. Smart Prosthesis System: Continuous Automatic Prosthesis Fitting Adjustment and Real-time Stress Visualization

   https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2018.8584784  

   Cai, Yi; Chen, Jia; Chen, Diliang; Qu, Guanzhou; Zhao, Hongping; Ansari, Rahila; Huang, Ming-Chun (October 2018, IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference)

   Prosthetic devices have significantly improved mobility and quality of life for amputees. Significant engineering advancements have been made in artificial limb biomechanics, joint control systems, and light-weight materials. Amputees report that the primary problem they face with their artificial limbs is a poor fitting socket. In this paper, we propose a smart prosthesis system, in which we measure the real-time force distributions within a prothetic socket and dynamically visualize the results in a mobile application. A major part of the overall proposed system, a wireless pressure sensing system and a force visualization method, are evaluated at current stage. Finally, corresponding works for fully completing this smart prosthesis system are discussed as well. 

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2. Walking Ankle Biomechanics of Individuals With Transtibial Amputations Using a Prescribed Prosthesis and a Portable Bionic Prosthesis Under Myoelectric Control

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2024.3440257  

   Stafford, Nicole E; Gonzalez, Eddie B; Ferris, Daniel P (January 2024, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering)
3. Force-Moment Sensor for Prosthesis Structural Load Measurement

   https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020938  

   Haque, Md Rejwanul; Berkeley, Greg; Shen, Xiangrong (January 2023, Sensors)

   Measurement of prosthesis structural load, as an important way to quantify the interaction of the amputee user with the environment, may serve important purposes in the control of smart lower-limb prosthetic devices. However, the majority of existing force sensors used in protheses are developed based on strain measurement and thus may suffer from multiple issues such as weak signals and signal drifting. To address these limitations, this paper presents a novel Force-Moment Prosthesis Load Sensor (FM-PLS) to measure the axial force and bending moment in the structure of a lower-limb prosthesis. Unlike strain gauge-based force sensors, the FM-PLS is developed based on the magnetic sensing of small (millimeter-scale) deflection of an elastic element, and it may provide stronger signals that are more robust against interferences and drifting since such physical deflection is several orders of magnitude greater than the strain of a typical load-bearing structure. The design of the sensor incorporates uniquely curved supporting surfaces such that the measurement is sensitive to light load but the sensor structure is robust enough to withstand heavy load without damage. To validate the sensor performance, benchtop testing of the FM-PLS and walking experiments of a FM-PLS-embedded robotic lower-limb prosthesis were conducted. Benchtop testing results displayed good linearity and a good match to the numerical simulation results. Results from the prosthesis walking experiments showed that the sensor signals can be used to detect important gaits events such as heel strike and toe-off, facilitating the reliable motion control of lower-limb prostheses. 

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4. Task-space Control of a Powered Ankle Prosthesis

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA57147.2024.10611270  

   Kelly, David J; Posh, Ryan R; Wensing, Patrick M (May 2024, IEEE)
5. Model-Dependent Prosthesis Control with Interaction Force Estimation

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA48506.2021.9561250  

   Gehlhar, Rachel; Ames, Aaron D. (May 2021, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2021))