We report some of the most intense Z‐mode and O‐mode observations obtained by the Juno spacecraft while in orbit about Jupiter in a low to mid‐latitude region near the inner edge of the Io torus. We have been able to estimate the density of the plasma in this region based on the lower frequency cutoff of the observed Z‐mode emission. The results are compatible with the electron density measurements of the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE), on board the Juno spacecraft, if we account for unmeasured cold plasma. Direction‐finding measurements indicate that the Z‐ and O‐mode emission have distinct source regions. We have also used the measured phase space density of the JADE and the Jupiter energetic particle detector instruments to calculate estimated local growth rates of the observed O‐mode and Z‐mode emission assuming a loss cone instability and quasilinear analysis. The results suggest the emissions were observed near, but not within, a source region, and the free energy source is consistent with a loss cone. We have thus carried out the quasilinear wave analysis of the assumed remote Z‐ and O‐mode wave growths. It is shown that the remotely generated waves, propagated through an inhomogeneous medium to the satellite location, may account for the observed wave characteristics. The importance of Z‐mode in accelerating electrons in the inner Jovian magnetosphere makes these new wave mode confirmations at Jupiter of particular interest.
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Toward Generation of Spatially-Entangled Photon Pairs in a Few-Mode Fiber
We describe a novel scheme for spatial-mode-entangled photon-pair generation in a few-mode fiber. We experimentally verify the underlying inter-modal parametric processes with two-mode classical signal input and demonstrate high mode purity of the generated idler.
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- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10180086
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- CLEO conference 2020
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- JTh2A.27
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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SUMMARY Protracted episodes of 0.5–7 Hz pre-eruptive volcanic tremor (PVT) are common at active stratovolcanoes. Reliable links to processes related to magma movement consequently enable a potential to use properties of PVT as diagnostic eruptive precursors. A challenging feature of PVT is that generic spectral and amplitude properties of the signal evolve similarly, independent of widely varying volcano structures and conduit geometries on which most physical models rely. The ‘magma wagging’ model introduced in Jellinek & Bercovici (2011) and extended by Bercovici et al. (2013), Liao et al. and Liao & Bercovici (2018) makes progress because it depends on magma dynamics that are only weakly sensitive to volcano architecture: The flow of gas through a permeable foamy annulus of gas bubbles excites, modulates and maintains a wagging oscillation of a central magma column rising in an erupting conduit. ‘Magma wagging’ and resulting PVT are driven through an energy transfer from a ‘Bernoulli mode’ related to azimuthal variations in annular gas flow speeds. Consistent with observations, spectral and amplitude properties of PVT are predicted to evolve before an eruption as the width of the annulus decreases with increased gas fluxes. To confirm this critical Bernoulli-to-wagging energy transfer we use extensive experiments and restricted numerical simulations on wagging oscillations excited on analogue viscoelastic columns by annular air flows. We also explore sensitivities of the spatial and temporal characters of wagging to asymmetric annular air flows that are intractable in the existing magma wagging model and expected to occur in nature with spatial variations in annulus permeability. From high-resolution time-series of linear and orbital displacements of analogue column tops and time-series of axial deflections and accelerations of the column centre line, we characterize the excitation, evolution, and steady-state oscillations in unprecedented detail over a broad range of conditions. We show that the Bernoulli mode corresponds to the timescale for the buildup of axial elastic bending stresses in response to pressure variations related to air flows over the heights of columns. We identify three distinct wagging modes: (i) rotational (cf. Liao et al. 2018); (ii) mixed-mode and (iii) chaotic. Rotational modes are favoured for symmetric, high intensity forcing and a maximal delivery of mechanical energy to the fundamental magma wagging mode. Mixed-mode oscillations regimes are favoured for a symmetric, intermediate intensity forcing. Chaotic modes, involving the least efficient delivery of energy to the fundamental mode, occur for asymmetric forcing and where the intensity of imposed airflow is low. Numerical simulations also show that where forcing frequencies are comparable to a natural mode of free oscillation, power delivered by peripheral air flows is concentrated at the lowest frequency fundamental mode generally and spread among higher frequency natural modes where air pressure and column elastic forces are comparable. Our combined experimental and numerical results make qualitative predictions for the evolution of the character of volcanic tremor and its expression in seismic or infrasound arrays during natural events that is testable in field-based studies of PVT and syn-eruptive volcanic tremor.
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2020.JTh2A.27
