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1. Reconfigurable Antenna Assisted Intrusion Detection in Wireless Networks

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/564503  

   Mookiah, Prathaban ; Walsh, John M. ; Greenstadt, Rachel ; Dandekar, Kapil R. ( October 2013 , International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks)

   null (Ed.)

   Intrusion detection is a challenging problem in wireless networks due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Physical layer information is increasingly used to protect these vulnerable networks. Meanwhile, reconfigurable antennas are gradually finding their way into wireless devices due to their ability to improve data throughput. In this paper, the capabilities of reconfigurable antennas are used to devise an intrusion detection scheme that operates at the physical layer. The detection problem is posed as a GLRT problem that operates on the channels corresponding to the different modes of a reconfigurable antenna. The performance of the scheme is quantified through field measurements taken in an indoor environment at the 802.11 frequency band. Based on the measured data, we study the achievable performance and the effect of the different control parameters on the performance of the intrusion detection scheme. The effect of pattern correlation between the different modes on the scheme's performance is also analyzed, based on which general guidelines on how to design the different antenna modes are provided. The results show that the proposed scheme can add an additional layer of security that can significantly alleviate many vulnerabilities and threats in current fixed wireless networks. 

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2. ROBin: Known-Plaintext Attack Resistant Orthogonal Blinding via Channel Randomization

   Pan, Y and ( April 2020 , IEEE INFOCOM 2020)

   Orthogonal blinding based schemes for wireless physical layer security aim to achieve secure communication by injecting noise into channels orthogonal to the main channel and corrupting the eavesdropper’s signal reception. These methods, albeit practical, have been proven vulnerable against multiantenna eavesdroppers who can filter the message from the noise. The venerability is rooted in the fact that the main channel state remains stasis in spite of the noise injection, which allows an eavesdropper to estimate it promptly via known symbols and filter out the noise. Our proposed scheme leverages a reconfigurable antenna for Alice to rapidly change the channel state during transmission and a compressive sensing based algorithm for her to predict and cancel the changing effects for Bob. As a result, the communication between Alice and Bob remains clear, whereas randomized channel state prevents Eve from launching the knownplaintext attack. We formally analyze the security of the scheme against both single and multi-antenna eavesdroppers and identify its unique anti-eavesdropping properties due to the artificially created fast changing channel. We conduct extensive simulations and real-world experiments to evaluate its performance. Empirical results show that our scheme can suppress Eve’s attack success rate to the level of random guessing, even if she knows all the symbols transmitted through other antenna modes. 

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3. FIT: On-the-Fly, In-Situ Training for SNR-Based Rate Selection

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.3009198  

   Liu, Hui ; He, Jialin ; Gupta, Sabyasachi ; Rajan, Dinesh ; Camp, Joseph ( October 2020 , IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology)

   Existing rate adaptation protocols have advocated training to establish the relationship between channel conditions and the optimum modulation and coding scheme. However, innate with in-field operation is encountering scenarios that the rate adaptation mechanism has not yet encountered. Frequently, protocols are optimally tuned for indoor environments but, when taken outdoors, perform poorly. Namely, the decision structure formed by offline training, lacks the ability to adapt to a new situation on the fly. The changing wireless environment calls for a rate adaption scheme that can quickly infer the channel type and adjust accordingly. Typical SNR-based rate adaptation scheme do not capture the nuance of the performance variable in different channel types. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme that allow SNR-based rate selection algorithms to be trained online in the environment in which they are operating. Inspired by the idea that, to do well, an athlete must train for the type of athletic event and environment in which they are competing, we propose FIT, an on-the-fly, in-situ training mechanism for SNRbased protocols. To do so, we first propose the FIT framework which addresses the challenges of making rate decisions with unpredictable fluctuation and lack of repeatability of real wireless channels. To distinguish between channel types in the training, we then characterize wireless channels according to the link-layer performance and introduce a novel, computationally-efficient, channel performance manifold matching technique to infer the channel type given a sequence of throughput measurements for various link-level parameters. To evaluate our methods, we implement rate selection which uses FIT for training alongside channel performance manifold matching. We then perform extensive experiments on emulated and in-field wireless channels to evaluate the online learning process, showing that the rate decision structure can be updated as channel conditions change using existing traffic flows. The experiments are performed over multiple frequency bands. The proposed FIT framework can achieve large throughput gains compared to traditional SNRbased protocols (8X) and offline-training-based methods (1.3X), particularly in a dynamic wireless propagation environments that lack appropriate training. 

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4. An Experiment-Based Comparison between Fully Digital and Hybrid Beamforming Radio Architectures for Many-Antenna Full-Duplex Wireless Communication

   https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010059  

   Megson, Gavin ; Gupta, Sabyasachi ; Hashir, Syed Muhammad ; Aryafar, Ehsan ; Camp, Joseph ( January 2022 , Electronics)

   Full-duplex (FD) communication in many-antenna base stations (BSs) is hampered by self-interference (SI). This is because a FD node’s transmitting signal generates significant interference to its own receiver. Recent works have shown that it is possible to reduce/eliminate this SI in fully digital many-antenna systems, e.g., through transmit beamforming by using some spatial degrees of freedom to reduce SI instead of increasing the beamforming gain. On a parallel front, hybrid beamforming has recently emerged as a radio architecture that uses multiple antennas per FR chain. This can significantly reduce the cost of the end device (e.g., BS) but may also reduce the capacity or SI reduction gains of a fully digital radio system. This is because a fully digital radio architecture can change both the amplitude and phase of the wireless signal and send different data streams from each antenna element. Our goal in this paper is to quantify the performance gap between these two radio architectures in terms of SI cancellation and system capacity, particularly in multi-user MIMO setups. To do so, we experimentally compare the performance of a state-of-the-art fully digital many antenna FD solution to a hybrid beamforming architecture and compare the corresponding performance metrics leveraging a fully programmable many-antenna testbed and collecting over-the-air wireless channel data. We show that SI cancellation through beam design on a hybrid beamforming radio architecture can achieve capacity within 16% of that of a fully digital architecture. The performance gap further shrinks with a higher number of quantization bits in the hybrid beamforming system. 

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5. Experimental Results of Novel DoA Estimation Algorithms for Compact Reconfigurable Antennas

   https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1613638  

   Paaso, Henna ; Hakkarainen, Aki ; Gulati, Nikhil ; Patron, Damiano ; Dandekar, Kapil R. ; Valkama, Mikko ; Mämmelä, Aarne ( January 2017 , International Journal of Antennas and Propagation)

   null (Ed.)

   Reconfigurable antenna systems have gained much attention for potential use in the next generation wireless systems. However, conventional direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation algorithms for antenna arrays cannot be used directly in reconfigurable antennas due to different design of the antennas. In this paper, we present an adjacent pattern power ratio (APPR) algorithm for two-port composite right/left-handed (CRLH) reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas (LWAs). Additionally, we compare the performances of the APPR algorithm and LWA-based MUSIC algorithms. We study how the computational complexity and the performance of the algorithms depend on number of selected radiation patterns. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the APPR and MUSIC algorithms with numerical simulations as well as with real world indoor measurements having both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight components. Our performance evaluations show that the DoA estimates are in a considerably good agreement with the real DoAs, especially with the APPR algorithm. In summary, the APPR and MUSIC algorithms for DoA estimation along with the planar and compact LWA layout can be a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the wireless communication in the next generation systems. 

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