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1. Ubiquitous Molecular Outflows in z > 4 Massive, Dusty Galaxies. II. Momentum-driven Winds Powered by Star Formation in the Early Universe

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc4e6  

   Spilker, Justin S. ; Aravena, Manuel ; Phadke, Kedar A. ; Béthermin, Matthieu ; Chapman, Scott C. ; Dong, Chenxing ; Gonzalez, Anthony H. ; Hayward, Christopher C. ; Hezaveh, Yashar D. ; Litke, Katrina C. ; et al ( December 2020 , The Astrophysical Journal)

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2. A Census of Protostellar Outflows in Nearby Molecular Clouds

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac39a0  

   Xu, Duo ; Offner, Stella S. ; Gutermuth, Robert ; Kong, Shuo ; Arce, Hector G. ( February 2022 , The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract We adopt the deep learning method casi-3d (Convolutional Approach to Structure Identification-3D) to systemically identify protostellar outflows in 12 CO and 13 CO observations of the nearby molecular clouds, Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, and Orion. The total outflow masses are 267 M ⊙ , 795 M ⊙ , 1305 M ⊙ , and 6332 M ⊙ for Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, and Orion, respectively. We show the outflow mass in each cloud is linearly proportional to the total number of young stellar objects. The estimated total 3D deprojected outflow energies are 9 × 10 45 erg, 6 × 10 46 erg, 1.2 × 10 47 erg, and 6 × 10 47 erg for Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, and Orion, respectively. The energy associated with outflows is sufficient to offset turbulent dissipation at the current epoch for all four clouds. All clouds also exhibit a break point in the spatial power spectrum of the outflow prediction map, which likely corresponds to the typical outflow mass and energy injection scale. 

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3. Widespread Molecular Outflows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.37+0.07: Indications of Orthogonal Outflow-filament Alignment

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab07b9  

   Kong, Shuo ; Arce, Héctor G. ; Maureira, María José ; Caselli, Paola ; Tan, Jonathan C. ; Fontani, Francesco ( March 2019 , The Astrophysical Journal)
4. The AGNIFS survey: spatially resolved observations of hot molecular and ionized outflows in nearby active galaxies

   https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad599  

   Riffel, R A ; Storchi-Bergmann, T ; Riffel, R ; Bianchin, M ; Zakamska, N L ; Ruschel-Dutra, D ; Bentz, M C ; Burtscher, L ; Crenshaw, D M ; Dahmer-Hahn, L G ; et al ( March 2023 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)

   ABSTRACT We present the hot molecular and warm ionized gas kinematics for 33 nearby (0.001 ≲ z ≲ 0.056) X-ray selected active galaxies using the H$_2\, 2.1218\, \mu$m and Br γ emission lines observed in the K band with the Gemini near-infrared integral field spectrograph. The observations cover the inner 0.04–2 kpc of each active galactic nucleus at spatial resolutions of 4–250 pc with a velocity resolution of σinst ≈ 20 ${\rm km\, s^{-1}}$. We find that 31 objects (94 per cent) present a kinematically disturbed region (KDR) seen in ionized gas, while such regions are observed in hot molecular gas for 25 galaxies (76 per cent). We interpret the KDR as being due to outflows with masses of 102–107 and 100–104 M⊙ for the ionized and hot molecular gas, respectively. The ranges of mass-outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$) and kinetic power ($\dot{E}_{\rm K}$) of the outflows are 10−3–101 M⊙ yr−1 and ∼1037–1043 erg s−1 for the ionized gas outflows, and 10−5–10−2 M⊙ yr−1 and 1035–1039 erg s−1 for the hot molecular gas outflows. The median coupling efficiency in our sample is $\dot{E}_{\mathrm{K}}/L_{\rm bol}\approx 1.8\times 10^{-3}$ and the estimated momentum fluxes of the outflows suggest they are produced by radiation-pressure in low-density environment, with possible contribution from shocks. 

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5. The dual role of starburst and active galactic nuclei in driving extreme molecular outflows

   Gowardhan, Avani ; Spoon, Henrik ; Riechers, Dominik A. ; González-Alfonso, Eduardo ; Farrah, Duncan ; Fischer, Jacqueline ; Darling, Jeremy ; Fergulio, Chiara ; Afonso, Jose ; Bizzocchi, Luca ( January 2018 , The Astrophysical journal)

   We report molecular gas observations of IRAS 20100-4156 and IRAS 03158+4227, two local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) hosting some of the fastest and most massive molecular outflows known. Using ALMA and PdBI observations, we spatially resolve the CO(1-0) emission from the outflowing molecular gas in both and find maximum outflow velocities of $ v_{\rm max} \sim 1600$ and $\sim 1700$ km/s for IRAS 20100-4156 and IRAS 03158+4227, respectively. We find total gas mass outflow rates of $\dot M_{\rm OF} \sim 670$ and $\sim 350$ Msun/yr, respectively, corresponding to molecular gas depletion timescales $\tau^{\rm dep}_{\rm OF} \sim 11$ and $\sim 16$ Myr. This is nearly 3 times shorter than the depletion timescales implied by star formation, $\tau^{\rm dep}_{\rm SFR} \sim 33$ and $\sim 46$ Myr, respectively. To determine the outflow driving mechanism, we compare the starburst ($L_{*}$) and AGN ($L_{\rm AGN}$) luminosities to the outflowing energy and momentum fluxes, using mid-infrared spectral decomposition to discern $L_{\rm AGN}$. Comparison to other molecular outflows in ULIRGs reveals that outflow properties correlate similarly with $L_{*}$ and $L_{\rm IR}$ as with $L_{\rm AGN}$, indicating that AGN luminosity alone may not be a good tracer of feedback strength and that a combination of AGN and starburst activity may be driving the most powerful molecular outflows. We also detect the OH 1.667 GHz maser line from both sources and demonstrate its utility in detecting molecular outflows. 

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